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| [[PriusBlue_EVents#Friday_Nov.2C_2]] references http://picks.yahoo.com/picks/potw/20071102.html which is no longer online, would love to track down a cached copy to keep locally. | | [[PriusBlue_EVents#Friday_Nov.2C_2]] references http://picks.yahoo.com/picks/potw/20071102.html which is no longer online, would love to track down a cached copy to keep locally. |
| | | |
− | * Found this http://www.homepower.com/articles/plug-hybrids though it's likely not what I was looking for... | + | * Found this http://www.homepower.com/articles/plug-hybrids though it's likely not what I was looking for... --[[User:Rjf|Rjf]] 17:08, 22 March 2013 (CDT) |
− | | |
− | {| class="collapsible collapsed" style="background:lightgrey;text-align:justify;width:100%;"
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− | ! Breadcrumbs Source Copy/Paste:
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− | |-
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− | |
| |
− | Did find this:
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− | [http://74.6.116.71/search/srpcache?ei=UTF-8&p=ryan+fulcher+November+02%2C+2007+Yahoo!+Picks+Profiles+EAA-PHEV.&fr=ush-voices&u=http://cc.bingj.com/cache.aspx?q=ryan+fulcher+November+02%2c+2007+Yahoo!+Picks+Profiles+EAA-PHEV.&d=4538741990359518&mkt=en-US&setlang=en-US&w=4fJ2mYBAl20P-w9bHYSt4ny6vNaP3cI9&icp=1&.intl=us&sig=uSCUjYq.CV1quZSEBYdJGQ-- cached] but it may not be the article in question, looks like "Home Power Magazine Solar, Wind and Renewable Energy Issue 121" | |
− | | |
− | <html>
| |
− | <h1>Home Power Magazine Solar, Wind and Renewable Energy Issue 121</h1>
| |
− | | |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <i>30</i><b> affordable </b><i>solar
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Denis Du Bois
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Innovative financing for this town house development allowed<br />
| |
− | investors and homeowners to reap the benefits of solar energy.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>40</i><b> efficiency </b><i>details
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Paul Scheckel
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Put these top ten tips to use and make your household more energy<br />
| |
− | efficient and renewables-ready.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>48</i><b> cashing </b><i>in
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Andy Black & Erin Moore Bean
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Better your bottom line and find the best financial fit for your<br />
| |
− | | |
− | renewable energy projects with these online resources.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>50</i><b> sunshine </b><i>states
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Jon Sharp, Ray Furse & Robert Chew
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Move over, California : Progressive incentive programs are giving<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Northeastern home and business owners the ability to plug into<br />
| |
− | affordable solar energy.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>56</i><b> plug-in </b><i>hybrids
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Sherry Boschert
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Can plug-in hybrids deliver on their promises of fewer emissions<br />
| |
− | and improved fuel economy? An inside look at the future of<br />
| |
− | transportation.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>contents
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>October & <b style="color:#000;background:#ffcc99">November</b> <b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b>
| |
− | | |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b><i> / october & <b style="color:#000;background:#ffcc99">november</b> <b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b>
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>6
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Clockwise from lower left: Courtesy Google.org; courtesy SolarWrights; David Lewis; Richard Hallman; courtesy Solmetric; courtesy Canadian Solar Inc.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>64</i><b> pv </b><i>parts
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Scott Aldous, Zeke Yewdall & Sam Ley
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Wondering how superthin slices of silicon can turn sunshine into<br />
| |
− | | |
− | electricity? Here’s a closer look at what lies inside a photovoltaic module.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>70</i><b> buyer’s </b><i>guide
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Joe Schwartz with Doug Puffer
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b style="color:#fff;background:#0033cc">Pick</b> the perfect PVs with our comprehensive solar-electric module<br />
| |
− | | |
− | buyer’s guide.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>82</i><b> pump </b><i>primer
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Chuck Marken
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Expert advice on how best to match a pump to your solar hot water<br />
| |
− | | |
− | system for years of reliable performance and trouble-free service.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>88</i><b> RE</b><i>view
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Joe Schwartz
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Looking for a professional-grade, solar site-analysis tool? Check out<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Solmetric’s handheld, touch-screen SunEye.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>94</i><b> solar </b><i>savings
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Regina Anne Kelly
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Peter and Tanya Ptak tap into smart solar savings, and profit from their<br />
| |
− | | |
− | investments in three different solar-electric systems.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>102</i><b> system </b><i>monitoring
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><b style="color:#000;background:#ffff66">Ryan</b> Mayfield
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Keep tabs on your solar energy system’s performance with these<br />
| |
− | options in inverter-based and third-party monitoring gear.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>7
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www.</i><b>homepower</b><i>.com
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Regulars
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>8 </b>From Us to You
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Home Power<b> crew
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Potential…
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>14 </b>Ask the Experts
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Industry Professionals
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Renewable energy Q & A
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>22 </b>Mailbox
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Home Power<b> readers
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Feedback forum
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>112 </b>Code Corner
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>John Wiles
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Code Q & A
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>116 </b>Independent<br />
| |
− | Power Providers
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Don Loweburg
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Grounding options
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>120 </b>Power Politics
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Michael Welch
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Show RE the money
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>124 </b>Word Power
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Ian Woofenden
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | On & off...grid
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>128 </b>Home & Heart
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Kathleen<br />
| |
− | Jarschke-Schultze
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Everything is round
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>132 </b>RE Happenings
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>136 </b>Marketplace
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>138</b><i> </i>Installers Directory
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>143</b><i> </i>Advertisers Index
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>144 </b>RE People
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Bill & Debbi Lord
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>7
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>On the Cover
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Our <b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b> PV Buyer’s Guide surveys<br />
| |
− | more than 100 solar-electric modules<br />
| |
− | on the market today.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Photos courtesy: Day4Energy; Canadian Solar Inc.;<br />
| |
− | Advent Solar
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>7
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Home Power (ISSN 1050-2416) is published bimonthly<br />
| |
− | from offices in Phoenix, OR 97535. Periodicals postage<br />
| |
− | | |
− | paid at Ashland, OR, and at additional mailing<br />
| |
− | offices. POSTMASTER: Send address corrections to<br />
| |
− | Home Power, PO Box 520, Ashland, OR 97520.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b><i> / october & <b style="color:#000;background:#ffcc99">november</b> <b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b>
| |
− | | |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>Think About It...
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | If I were to wish for anything, I should not wish for wealth and power,<br />
| |
− | but for the passionate sense of potential—for the eye which, ever young and<br />
| |
− | ardent, sees the possible. Pleasure disappoints; possibility never.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | —Søren Kierkegaard
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Americans represent 5% of the world’s population and consume close to 25% of the<br />
| |
− | global energy supply. You may have heard this statistic a few more times than you’ve<br />
| |
− | cared to. But instead of assuming this figure is a harbinger of the unavoidable global<br />
| |
− | energy debacle around the corner, I look at it as an opportunity. Then, the questions<br />
| |
− | become: Can we use energy more efficiently and produce more of it with renewables?<br />
| |
− | | |
− | What resources do we have at our disposal, and how much renewable energy capacity<br />
| |
− | can the grid realistically support?
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • In every issue, Home Power <b style="color:#fff;background:#996600">profiles</b> homes and businesses that consume a fraction<br />
| |
− | of the energy required by their inefficient counterparts, while maintaining an equivalent<br />
| |
− | level of comfort and convenience. Using energy intelligently is the foundation of long-<br />
| |
− | | |
− | term energy security.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Nations that have implemented well-coordinated programs to increase renewable<br />
| |
− | energy generation have succeeded. In the United States, strong consumer-level support<br />
| |
− | exists for clean energy technologies, and a tangible, bipartisan shift in the collective<br />
| |
− | attitude of our federal representatives is underway.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | • Average per capita income in America is among the highest in the world. U.S.<br />
| |
− | consumers and businesses have substantial financial resources, and represent the largest<br />
| |
− | potential market for renewables worldwide. Many countries that already have achieved<br />
| |
− | a high percentage of renewable energy generation have solar and wind resources—and<br />
| |
− | financial resources—that pale in comparison to the United States.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Variable resources such as the sun and wind account for less than 2% of U.S. electrical<br />
| |
− | | |
− | generation. In Denmark, wind energy provides more than 20% of the nation’s electricity.<br />
| |
− | Since the beginning, American utilities have successfully managed the variable nature of<br />
| |
− | the load side of the grid. There are no insurmountable hurdles to keep them from doing<br />
| |
− | the same on the generation side.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Turning a problem into an opportunity is a learned skill. The energy challenges that face<br />
| |
− | America represent a tremendous opportunity for leadership, technical innovation, job<br />
| |
− | | |
− | creation, and lifestyles that are comfortable, satisfying, and sustainable.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | —Joe Schwartz for the Home Power crew
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>from us </b><i>to you
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | POTENTIAL…
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | ictor
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.outbackpower.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | European Sales O ce<br />
| |
− | Barcelona, España<br />
| |
− | (+34) 600-843-845
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Corporate Headquarters<br />
| |
− | 19009 62nd Avenue NE<br />
| |
− | Arlington, WA USA<br />
| |
− | (+1) 360-435-6030
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | The OutBack Power Systems FLEXnet™
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | DC is the ultimate in DC System
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | monitoring devices. Our integrated
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | networked communications make
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | valuable, usable data available from your
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | system, providing you with the answers
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | you need concerning your system’s
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | health, performance and efficiency.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www.</i><b>homepower</b><i>.com
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>9
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | European Sales O ce<br />
| |
− | Barcelona, España<br />
| |
− | (+34) 600-843-845
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Corporate Headquarters<br />
| |
− | | |
− | 19009 62nd Avenue NE<br />
| |
− | Arlington, WA USA 98223<br />
| |
− | (+1) 360-435-6030
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.outbackpower.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | OutBack Power Systems is a leading global manufacturer of power electronic
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | products for renewable energy, back-up power, and mobile applications. No
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | matter where your location, no matter what your power source, OutBack Power
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Systems has the solution for you. OutBack’s ruggedized inverter/chargers
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | are designed to survive in environments that would normally cause other
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | inverter/chargers to fail, without compromising outstanding performance
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | and reliability. Utilizing our FLEXware line of balance-of-system components
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | allows you to customize your system to your needs, from 2 to 36kW. Visit
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.outbackpower.com and see how FLEXware, and our power conversion
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | products, are bridging the gap between imagination and reality.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Publishers <b>Richard & Karen Perez
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Executive Editor & CEO <b>Joe Schwartz
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Managing Editor<b> Claire Anderson
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Art Director<b> Ben Root
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Senior Editor <b>Ian Woofenden
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Senior Editor <b>Michael Welch
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Graphic Artist <b>Dave Emrich
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solar Thermal Editor <b>Chuck Marken
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Green Building Editors <b>Rachel Connor, Laurie Stone, Johnny Weiss
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Transportation Editors <b>Mike Brown, Shari Prange
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Columnists <b>Kathleen Jarschke-Schultze, Don Loweburg
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Michael Welch, John Wiles, Ian Woofenden
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Advertising Manager <b>Connie Said
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Advertising Director <b>Kim Bowker
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Chief Information Officer <b>Rick Germany
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Operations Director <b>Scott Russell
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Technical Assistant <b>Doug Puffer
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Customer Service & Fulfillment <b>Jacie Gray, Shannon <b style="color:#000;background:#ffff66">Ryan</b>
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>Contact Us...
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Independently Published Since 1987
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Copyright ©<b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b> Home Power Inc. All rights reserved. Contents may not be reprinted or otherwise reproduced without<br />
| |
− | | |
− | written permission. While Home Power magazine strives to publish only safe and accurate content, we assume no<br />
| |
− | responsibility or liability for the use of this information.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Interior paper is made from 85%–100% recycled material, including 20%–30% postconsumer waste.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Subscriptions
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
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− | To subscribe, renew, change, or inquire about<br />
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− | a subscription:
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− | <b>800-707-6585 or 541-512-0201
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>subscription@homepower.com
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>www.homepower.com/subscribe
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− | <p>
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− | <b>Back Issues
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− | </b></p>
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− | Many of our back issues are available in print<br />
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− | and/or online in Adobe PDF. Our first 120<br />
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− | issues are also compiled on DVD-ROM.<br />
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− | More information at:
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− | </p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>www.homepower.com
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | Order online or by phone:
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− | </b></p>
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− | <b>www.homepower.com/writing
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− | <b>asktheexperts@homepower.com
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− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
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− | <b>Web Site
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>www.homepower.com
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− | <p>
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− | Send your comments and suggestions<br />
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− | regarding the site to:
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− | <b>web@homepower.com
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>Advertising
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | For inquiries and information related to<br />
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− | advertising in <b><i>Home Power</i></b> or on<br />
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− | homepower.com, contact:
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− | <b>connie.said@homepower.com<br />
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− | 541-512-0201
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>kim.bowker@homepower.com<br />
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− | 541-858-1791
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− | </b></p>
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− | | |
− | <p>
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− | <b>www.homepower.com/advertising
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− | to us at:
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− | <p>
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− | <b>mailbox@homepower.com
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− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | or write to the address below.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>Home Power</i> magazine • PO Box 520 • Ashland, Oregon 97520 • USA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Introducing the new Sunny Island 5048, designed to meet
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | the most demanding system requirements. From remote
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | off-grid applications to urban battery-backup systems, the
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Sunny Island inverter provides high efficiency, robust surge
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | capability, and unsurpassed reliability. Our unique AC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | coupling system integrates solar, wind, hydro, batteries and
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | generators, distributes power more efficiently, and extends
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | the overall life of the batteries. See our free DVD on AC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | coupled off-grid systems. Call or email us today for a copy.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Call us: (888) 476-2872<br />
| |
− | www.sma-america.com
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | trim
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | bleed
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Extreme off-grid
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | with our new 5000 Watt battery-based solar inverter
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | trim
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | bleed
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | All new product<br />
| |
− | line for <b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b>
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>What makes our<br />
| |
− | solar inverters best?
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Visit Booth #
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>130
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>to find out.
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | September 24–27<br />
| |
− | Long Beach, CA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | A completely new line of UL-compliant
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Sunny Boy inverters ranging from 700 to
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 7000 Watts. The new Sunny Tower simplifies
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | commercial installations and is available
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | in 36 or 42 kW models. Each “US” model
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | inverter has a standard 10-year warranty
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | and is compatible with our wireless and
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | on-line monitoring systems. All SMA products
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | are designed, manufactured and tested
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | in Germany.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>(888) 476-2872<br />
| |
− | | |
− | www.sma-america.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Introducing the new Sunny Island 5048, designed to meet
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | the most demanding system requirements. From remote
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | off-grid applications to urban battery-backup systems, the
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Sunny Island inverter provides high efficiency, robust surge
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | capability, and unsurpassed reliability. Our unique AC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | coupling system integrates solar, wind, hydro, batteries and
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | generators, distributes power more efficiently, and extends
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | the overall life of the batteries. See our free DVD on AC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | coupled off-grid systems. Call or email us today for a copy.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Call us: (888) 476-2872<br />
| |
− | www.sma-america.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | trim
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | bleed
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Extreme off-grid
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | with our new 5000 Watt battery-based solar inverter
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | trim
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | bleed
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | All new product<br />
| |
− | line for <b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b>
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>What makes our<br />
| |
− | solar inverters best?
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Visit Booth #
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>130
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>to find out.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | September 24–27<br />
| |
− | Long Beach, CA
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | A completely new line of UL-compliant
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Sunny Boy inverters ranging from 700 to
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7000 Watts. The new Sunny Tower simplifies
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | commercial installations and is available
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | in 36 or 42 kW models. Each “US” model
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | inverter has a standard 10-year warranty
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | and is compatible with our wireless and
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | on-line monitoring systems. All SMA products
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | are designed, manufactured and tested
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | in Germany.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>(888) 476-2872<br />
| |
− | www.sma-america.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>A healthy new line<br />
| |
− | | |
− | ready for anything
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Fronius USA LLC, 10421 Citation Drive, Ste 1100, Brighton, MI 48116
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Tel: 810-220-4414
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Email: pv-us@fronius.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Web: www.fronius-usa.com
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Models from 4 KW to 12 KW in a single inverter
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Dramatically improved ef ciency
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Integrated technology to maximize energy harvest
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | even on cloudy days
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Integrated DC disconnect
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Enclosure allows for indoor/outdoor installation
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Want to learn more?
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Visit us at Solar Power <b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b>, Booth 131 in Long Beach, California for
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | information on this exciting new addition to the Fronius family.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Introducing the<br />
| |
− | Fronius <b>IG Plus</b> Grid-tie Inverter
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Three power levels, proven technology, smart design –
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | what you’ve come to expect from Fronius, only better.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Smart ventilation design
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Field programmable to 208, 240, and 277 volts
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | with no loss in output power
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Field programmable to positive or negative ground
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Removable power stage for eld service
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Built-in, fused six circuit combiner
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>A healthy new line<br />
| |
− | ready for anything
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Fronius USA LLC, 10421 Citation Drive, Ste 1100, Brighton, MI 48116
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Tel: 810-220-4414
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Email: pv-us@fronius.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Web: www.fronius-usa.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Models from 4 KW to 12 KW in a single inverter
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Dramatically improved ef ciency
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Integrated technology to maximize energy harvest
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | even on cloudy days
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Integrated DC disconnect
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Enclosure allows for indoor/outdoor installation
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Want to learn more?
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Visit us at Solar Power <b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b>, Booth 131 in Long Beach, California for
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | information on this exciting new addition to the Fronius family.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Introducing the<br />
| |
− | Fronius <b>IG Plus</b> Grid-tie Inverter
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Three power levels, proven technology, smart design –
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | what you’ve come to expect from Fronius, only better.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Smart ventilation design
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Field programmable to 208, 240, and 277 volts
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | with no loss in output power
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Field programmable to positive or negative ground
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Removable power stage for eld service
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Built-in, fused six circuit combiner
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b> / october & <b style="color:#000;background:#ffcc99">november</b> <b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b>
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>14
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | (continued on page 16)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Peak Sun-Hours
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>I’ve read that the Seattle area averages only 3.7 peak sun-hours per day. Maybe that’s true
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>in December, but April through October, I’d say it must be more like 10 to 12 hours a day,
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>meaning that the average must be higher than 3.7 hours per day throughout the year. How
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>are peak sun-hours determined?
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Jeff Huffman • Brier, Washington
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Excellent question! “Peak sun-hours” are not the same as “hours of
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | sunlight.” Sunrise to sunset represents hours of sunlight. But peak
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | sun-hours describe how much solar energy is available during a day.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | The daily amount of solar radiation striking any location on
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | earth varies from sunrise to sunset due to clouds, the sun’s position
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | in the sky, and what’s mixed into the atmosphere. Maximum solar
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | radiation occurs at solar noon—the time when the sun is highest in
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | the sky, compared to the rest of the day. Sunlight in the morning
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | and evening does not deliver as much energy to the earth’s surface
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | as it does at midday because at low angles more atmosphere filters
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | the sunlight. Besides day-to-day differences, there are also seasonal
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | effects. In midsummer, due to the sun’s higher position in the sky, an
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | hour of sunshine packs more energy than the same hour of sunshine
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | in the winter.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Batteryless Hydro
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>I’ve heard of large-scale batteryless AC hydro-electric turbines for both on- and off-grid
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>use, but are there any </b>small<b> batteryless hydro systems for on-grid applications?
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Are there batteryless grid-tied inverters that will synchronize a small
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>hydro turbine’s output with utility electricity? What does it take to set
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>them up?
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>James Conklin • Manchester, New Hampshire
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Coupling a batteryless inverter with a small hydro turbine in a grid-tied
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | application is definitely doable, but there are some important system design
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | considerations. As with a batteryless inverter using PV for input, you must
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | correctly match the hydro turbine’s output voltage to the inverter’s input voltage
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | window and maximum DC voltage limit. This can be done with low-head to high-
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | head hydro systems, but is usually easiest with mid- to high-head systems. Low-
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | head hydro systems might require a batteryless inverter with a DC input as low
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | as 48 VDC nominal, which is hard to find these days. For mid- to high-head sites, I
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | usually use an induction turbine configured for high voltage (200–500+ VDC) and
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1,200 to 3,600 watts peak output.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | The specifics of the turbine are very important, including the diameter of the
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | runner (which affects rpm and voltage), output voltage, and peak output. Unlike
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | a PV system, an important distinction of a hydro system is that it may not be able
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | to handle running without its load. Without protection, this will occur if there is
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | a utility failure, when the batteryless inverter is designed to shut down. In this
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | situation, the rpm of the turbine will increase, and the open circuit voltage (Voc)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | of the turbine would likely exceed the inverter’s maximum DC input voltage and
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | damage the inverter—and possibly the hydro turbine too, due to overspinning.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | For high-head situations (200+ feet), having a Voc that is too high for the inverter
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | is a real concern. Fortunately, special diversion loads and controllers are available
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | that will divert the energy fast enough to avoid damaging the inverter, while keeping
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | the turbine electrically loaded. These diversion load/controller combinations are not
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | cheap—they can cost more than $1,500 for 4,000 watts of diversion.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Because these small, batteryless hydro systems are still unusual, I recommend
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | that they be undertaken with the guidance of the turbine and inverter suppliers and
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | manufacturers to ensure optimum performance and reliability.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Jay Peltz • Peltz Power
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Ask the EXPERTS!
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Courtesy www.sma-america.com; www.microhydropower.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Now appearing in backyards everywhere.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Small wind has never been so easy. Announcing the Skystream 3.7™<br />
| |
− | residential power appliance. It’s the first compact, utility-connected,<br />
| |
− | all-inclusive wind generator designed to provide inexpensive, quiet,
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | clean electricity to reduce or eliminate your home’s monthly energy bill.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Learn if Skystream can work for you at www.skystreamenergy.com.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | THE POWER TO CHOOSE.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.skystreamenergy.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>INDESIGN CS
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>170951<br />
| |
− | 170951A
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>EGG
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>08-10-06
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>1
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>JB
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>PRO. YEL
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>PRO. MAG
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>PRO. CYAN
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>PRO. BLACK
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>HOME POWER:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | BLEED_8.375 X 11.125<br />
| |
− | TRIM__8.125 X 10.875
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>RENEWABLE ENERGY WORLD:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | BLEED_8.6875 X 12.0625<br />
| |
− | | |
− | TRIM__8.25 X 11.6875
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>REFOCUS:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | BLEED_8.125 X 11.875<br />
| |
− | TRIM__8 X 11.75
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>SOLAR TODAY:
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | BLEED_8.75 X 11.125<br />
| |
− | TRIM__8.5 X 10.875
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b> / october & <b style="color:#000;background:#ffcc99">november</b> <b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b>
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>16
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>...Ask the EXPERTS!
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Batteryless or Backup?
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>I want to install a grid-tied solar-electric system,
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>and I’m having a hard time deciding between a
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>battery-based system and a batteryless system. Can
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>you give me the pros and cons in plain English? Is
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>there any way to have the best of both worlds—the
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>efficiency and economy of a batteryless system
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>paired with the reassurance of always having a
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>reliable source of backup energy?
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Joan Beaudet • Milton, Massachusetts
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Batteryless systems are simpler, more efficient, and less expensive
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | to install and maintain, but during a utility failure, these systems
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | will not provide any electrical backup, even if the sun is shining.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | A grid-tied, battery-based system is designed to do just that, but
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | uninterruptible power comes at a price. With the same size solar
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | array, a grid-tied, battery-based system will yield about 7% to 10%
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | less energy than its batteryless counterpart. This is primarily due
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | to the inefficiencies involved with battery charging (even when
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | the grid is functioning). And keep in mind that the batteries will
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | need replacement roughly every seven to ten years, which can be
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | a major expense. If you don’t experience frequent or long utility
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | failures, you will likely be happier with a batteryless system.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | If your grid electricity is unreliable (perhaps you depend
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | on a long rural line in an area that’s prone to lightning or ice
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | storms), consider a battery-based system. In battery-based, grid-
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | tied systems, you have to install a separate AC subpanel to
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | separate critical circuits from luxury loads. This ensures that
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | when the system switches to battery backup, the energy stored in
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | the batteries will not be depleted by loads that you can easily live
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | without.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | An experienced photovoltaic installer can help you determine
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | which of your electrical appliances can realistically be backed up,
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | and how much battery storage will be required. In almost all cases,
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | it’s unrealistic to rely on backup electricity for space or water heating,
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | or for major cooking loads like an electric range, since the energy
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | consumption would be far beyond the capacity of an affordable
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | battery-based photovoltaic system. If your location experiences long
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | utility outages, think about investing in solar heating systems or gas
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | appliances for your heating and cooking needs.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | During a utility outage, consider supplying emergency needs
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | with no electricity. Store water in a tank. Keep a stack of ice packs in
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | your freezer to increase its holdover period. Keep LED headlamps or
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | flashlights or fluorescent (or gas) lanterns handy. Be ready to ignite
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | your gas stove-top using a spark lighter or matches. Use wood heat, or
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | gas heaters that don’t require electricity. If you want battery backup for
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | your computer, Internet connection, radio, or TV, consider purchasing
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | an off-the-shelf uninterruptible power supply (UPS) unit just for
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | that purpose. These preparations will keep you from being overly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | dependent on electricity when the grid goes down.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Windy Dankoff, founder (retired) • Dankoff Solar Products
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | A peak sun-hour is roughly the amount of solar energy striking a
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1-square-meter area perpendicular to the sun’s location over a 1-hour
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | period straddling solar noon in the summertime. So we can compare
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | apples to apples, the amount of power is standardized at 1,000 watts
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | (1 kilowatt) hitting that 1-square meter surface. By adding up the
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | various amounts of solar irradiation over the course of a day, and
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | counting them as units equivalent to 1 solar-noon midsummer hour
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | (1,000 watts per square meter for 1 hour), we get a useful comparison
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | number—the peak sun-hour.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | An analogy might help complete the picture. Imagine that you
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | have to pour sunshine into buckets that are 1 meter square, and each
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | holds 1,000 watt-hours of solar energy. The fastest rate of filling that
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | bucket will occur at solar noon in the summer, when the sunlight is
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | really streaming down. At that time, you could fill a 1,000-watt-hour
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | bucket in 1 hour (1 KWH per hour). At any other time of the day,
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | however, it will take longer than 1 hour to get an equivalent “bucket”
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | of 1 peak sun-hour.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | On average, summertime Seattle conditions will net you 4.8 peak
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | sun-hour-equivalents from sunup to sundown. Wintertime sees an
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | average of about 2.5 sun-hours per day. Over the course of a year, the
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | daily average works out to about 3.76 peak sun-hours. For month-
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | by-month solar irradiation information for a variety of cities in the
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | United States, visit http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/pubs/redbook.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Larry Owens • Shoreline Solar Project
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Courtesy www.midnitesolar.com/www.concordebattery.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b> / october & <b style="color:#000;background:#ffcc99">november</b> <b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b>
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>18
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>...Ask the EXPERTS!
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Wiser Driving
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>I’ve heard that the way you drive an electric vehicle (EV) can affect range dramatically.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Does the same apply to fuel economy for engine-driven vehicles? Can you give me some
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>basic pointers on how to drive so I use less energy and create less pollution?
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>James Fallow • Big Pine, California
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Many factors affect driving range, but air drag and weight are
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | certainly two of the most important. For an EV moving at less than
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30 mph, it’s the weight of the vehicle that kills driving range; as
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | speeds increase beyond 35 mph, air drag takes over as the biggest
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | culprit of dragging down fuel economy.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Some idea of air drag’s insidious nature can be gained from
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | data for the RAV4 EV—one of the most-studied EVs ever built. At
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 45 mph, the car can travel almost 150 miles on a single charge; at
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 60 mph, driving range plummets to about 100 miles (just imagine
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | what happens at 80 mph).
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | In the case of a conventional internal-combustion-engine (ICE)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | vehicle, gains in fuel economy are there for the taking—if you’re willing
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | to drive at a more leisurely speed. My 1993 Dodge minivan delivers its
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | highest fuel economy—29 mpg—at a constant speed of 45 mph. (For
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | safety reasons, I suggest not driving at this speed on the open highway.)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | When I dare to keep up with traffic on the Michigan interstate (80+
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | mph), my minivan’s fuel economy drops to about 17 mpg.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Stop-and-go city driving also reduces fuel economy for ICE-
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | based vehicles. This is a consequence of the operating characteristics
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | of typical engines that are designed to operate at higher loads (and,
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | hence, higher driving speeds), and the need for constant acceleration
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | and deceleration. Most hybrid-electric vehicles have circumvented
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | these problems and actually do as well, if not better, in the city as on
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | the highway.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | You can improve your city mileage with an ICE-based vehicle if
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | you drive more intelligently. Learn how to coast, rather than braking,
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | into a stop, and time traffic lights so you keep moving at a relatively
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | (continued on page 20)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Financing an off-grid home or property is not entirely different
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | than financing a home in a typical subdivision. There are three
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | major categories that apply to residential real estate financing—
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | income, credit, and collateral.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Collateral is the most important factor in financing an off-grid
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | home, and it is up to an appraiser to address the typical issues and
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | evaluate the property’s features for potential underwriters. You’ll
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | need to find an appraiser in your area who specializes in out-of-the-
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | ordinary properties, with experience appraising off-grid properties.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Many off-grid homes are near other off-grid homes, which can
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | be used for appraisal comparisons. Have the appraiser prepare an
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | addendum to the property’s appraisal that details other nearby
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | off-grid properties and their sales histories. This will help show
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | underwriters that your property is not an anomaly for the area.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Your appraiser will not necessarily be bound by the normal
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | rule of having to use sales comparables within five miles. The
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | lending company Fannie Mae will allow greater distances as long
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | as the appraiser is able to support the necessity for using a sales
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | comparable outside normal guidelines. The appraiser may also
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Financing Off-Grid Homes
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>I am writing to you from Vermont where I would like to purchase
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>an off-grid home. I have spoken to a few local banks and have
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>received a lukewarm response to the possibility of taking out
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>a mortgage for a property that is off the grid. How can I find a
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>receptive lender?
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Mickel Zuidhoek • Pawlet, Vermont
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | search for older sales comparables of off-grid homes to support the
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | value of the home. If you know of any off-grid homes in the area, let
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | the appraiser know—sometimes sales of off-grid homes are private
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | sales and do not show on the multiple listing system, which is how
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | many appraisers find comparables.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Once an underwriter is able to see how the value of the property
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | is supported with reasonable sales comparables, you will soon be
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | enjoying your off-grid property or home.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Terry Phenicie • First Priority Financial
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | David Lewis
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Courtesy Ed Marue
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b> / october & <b style="color:#000;background:#ffcc99">november</b> <b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b>
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>20
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | To submit a question to
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Home Power’s<b> Ask the Experts,
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | write to: <b>asktheexperts@homepower.com
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | or, <b>Ask the Experts<br />
| |
− | Home Power, PO Box 520, Ashland, OR 97520
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Published questions will be edited for content and length. Due to<br />
| |
− | mail volume, we regret that unpublished questions may not receive<br />
| |
− | a reply.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>...Ask the EXPERTS!
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Although there are several factors that affect tower height, your
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | choice will most likely be a compromise between energy production
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | and economics.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Proper tower height is essential for two reasons: Turbulent
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | wind is not only a poor quality fuel, but it dramatically increases
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | wear and tear on the turbine and tower. To provide the turbine with
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | high quality “fuel,” the tower must be tall enough to be well above
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | the turbulence layer created by obstructions such as buildings and
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | vegetation. The wind is stronger up there, and smoother. Ground
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | drag created by obstructions and the ground itself reduces the energy
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | available in the wind. To minimize ground drag, we need altitude.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Put simply, wind speed increases with height.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Minimum guidelines for tower height require the turbine rotor
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | to be a minimum of 30 feet higher than obstructions within 500 feet.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | You should go even taller if the obstructions are young trees that will
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | continue to grow. Finding the average annual wind speed at your
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | site at a given tower height is a bit more difficult, but I would highly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | recommend trying to determine or at least estimate it, starting with
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | regional wind energy consultants and dealers.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Now for the economics. Once I know the minimum tower
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | height needed to get above the turbulence, I let the turbine and the
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | customer’s budget help determine the maximum tower height. I look
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | at the cost of the turbine, its estimated energy production at various
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | tower heights, and the cost of the towers.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | The following example uses wind data from my hilltop in
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | western New York, a Bergey Excel-S grid-tie turbine, and three
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | different heights of guyed lattice tower:
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | constant speed. These measures will help increase your city fuel
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | economy (as well as increase the time between brake replacements).
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Likewise, mountain driving offers a number of challenges to fuel
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | economy. Here again, coasting (when possible) and driving slower
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | (when no one is tailing you) will save fuel and reduce pollution.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Another means of saving fuel is to consider carpooling. If you
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | put four people in one car, you’ll cut pollution and fuel consumption
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | by about 75 percent compared to four people driving their individual
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | cars. Now that’s impressive!
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Dominic Crea • Institute for Sustainable Energy & Education
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | How Tall?
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>I hear a lot of talk about wind generators needing tall towers. How do I decide what’s tall
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>enough? Is there such a thing as too tall?
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Jon Powell • Duluth, Minnesota
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Why install a $28,000 turbine
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | on a short tower and lose 25%
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | or more of its potential energy
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | production to save $2,750,
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | which is roughly 5% of the
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | overall system cost? Spending
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | that additional $2,750 up front
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | yields an estimated additional
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62,880 KWH over a 20-year
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | turbine life span. Here in my
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | neck of the woods, that has a
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | value of $11,318. And that’s at
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | our current utility rate of $0.18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | per KWH, which I’m pretty sure
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | will increase over time!
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | A low-cost, small-diameter
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | turbine on a short tower may
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | be a small investment, but it
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | will only yield a small amount
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | of electricity each month. And
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | you won’t be any further ahead
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | with a larger turbine installed on a short tower, since you may
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | be sacrificing a large percentage of the turbine’s potential energy
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | production, and increasing maintenance costs.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | At some point, of course, the law of diminishing returns usually
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | asserts itself and the tower choice becomes clear. And don’t forget
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | about zoning or height restrictions, which can be a limiting factor in
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | many areas. Of course, the final factor is the budget for the project.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | The bottom line for most folks seems to be maximum bang for
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | minimum bucks. So, yes, there is such a thing as too tall a tower,
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | for economic reasons. But other than the money, you’ll just keep
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | improving a wind turbine’s performance by going higher.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Roy Butler • Four Winds Renewable Energy
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Tower<br />
| |
− | Height (Ft.)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Average
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Wind
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Speed
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>(MPH)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Production<br />
| |
− | | |
− | (KWH<br />
| |
− | Per Yr.)Tower Cost
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Annual Energy<br />
| |
− | Value*
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 9,960
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | $8,100
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | $1,793
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 100
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11,468
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 9,200
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2,064
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 120
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13,104
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10,850
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2,359
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | *At $0.18 per KWH
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Sample Tower Height<br />
| |
− | Economics
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>The Whole Ball of Wax
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>SunWize pre-packaged grid-tie systems and grid-tie systems with<br />
| |
− | battery backup contain everything you need for a complete installation.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | OFFICES THROUGHOUT THE US AND CANADA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b> / october & <b style="color:#000;background:#ffcc99">november</b> <b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b>
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>22
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solar Pride
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>I drove up to our new property last
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Thursday to take the last walk-through
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>with the former owner and my real estate
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>agent. I got a primer on the solar-electric
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>system, and managed to get the solar-
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Mailbox
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>powered well pump working without too
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>much trouble. Greg, the former owner,
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>was gracious enough to let me spend the
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>night in the cabin (and gave me the keys),
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>despite the property not closing until the
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>next day.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>So I spent the afternoon playing
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>with the solar-electric system. Turned
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>the lights on. Then off. Then on again. I
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>peeked into the water tank maniacally,
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>watching the slow dribble of water into
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>the tank. I watched with satisfaction as
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>the battery monitor said, “Good,” even
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>with the lights on and the pump running.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>After an afternoon of playing with the
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>system (can’t tell you how much joy it
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>gave me to see it running so perfectly),
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>I drove down to Oroville to get some
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>provisions, called my wife Joni to brag
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>about the solar pumping system actually
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>working, and then drove back up the
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>bumpity 2.2-mile gravel road to the 2.75-
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>acre compound.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>I got out my sleeping bag, placed it
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>on the deck, and watched the moon rise.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>I took it as a good omen that the property
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>was to close on the day of a blue moon. I
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>toasted the moon. Gave a wine offering to
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>the property. Neighbors drove by in their
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>pickup trucks. All of them waved. The
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>neighbor’s chickens were quite busy with
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>their clucking. Dogs barked. Generators
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | McMansions
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>I’ve been an avid reader of </b>Home Power<b> for
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>five years. Recently, I heard the derogatory
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>term “McMansion” used on a green blog
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>for the thousandth time. I myself live in
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>what qualifies to some as a McMansion
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>(large subdivision home) in San Diego.
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Should I feel guilty?
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>After reading your latest issues, I’ve
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>found the answer. In our home, we use
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>a gas heater in the early morning for
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>20 minutes per day (on a timer) about
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>two months each year. We use the air
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>conditioning about five days each year for
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>about two to three hours each day. In one
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>year, our heating and cooling bill is what
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>someone in Montana or Phoenix would
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>likely pay in a week.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Bottom line: We use far less energy in
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>our McMansion than many of the people
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>featured in your magazine. They often
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>have thick jackets on in the photos. Their
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>homes are in either extremely cold places
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>or deserts, and require constant heating
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>or air conditioning. After choosing to live
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>in a very non-green location (from an
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>energy standpoint), they go to extremes
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>to make their living more green, and are
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>then dubbed energy heroes.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>By contrast, we coastal southern
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Californians in our McMansions that
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>people love to judge, just by living here,
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>may end up using less energy at home.
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Even without solar, wind, or sealing up
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>our houses airtight, we use far less energy
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>per person than those in more severe
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>climates.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Should we feel guilty? Yes, for our
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>swimming pools, SUVs, and hour-long
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>solo commutes to work. But, alas, not
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>for our McMansions. As the magazine
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>writers have said so many times, it is
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>better to conserve than to generate your
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>way out of large consumption. And the
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>very choice of where we live can be an act
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>of conservation. Keep up the great work!
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Vinod Lobo • San Diego, California
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | It is better to conserve than to generate your way<br />
| |
− | out of large consumption. And the very choice of<br />
| |
− | where we live can be an act of conservation.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | (continued on page 24)
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Courtesy Vinod Lobo
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Courtesy Allan Stellar
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <br />
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <br />
| |
− | <br />
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b> / october & <b style="color:#000;background:#ffcc99">november</b> <b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b>
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>24
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>...Mailbox
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>ran. Sound travels well out here. It was
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>a little spooky in the Sierra foothills as
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>night descended, but I slept like a baby on
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>the deck. Woke up to a jackrabbit nibbling
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>on my weeds. “Have at it, fella”—keeps
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>the fire danger down and I won’t have to
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>weed-whack it.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Again I played with the solar-electric
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>system. Filled the tank halfway. Battery
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>monitor still said, “Good.” Got a drink
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>out of the spigot and washed up with my
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>own solar-pumped water. Kept giggling
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>at my good fortune. Simple pleasure.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Old Bill dropped by. Bill has lived up
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>here for fifteen years. Off the grid with 24
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>solar-electric modules and a 2,500-gallon
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>water tank. A former Ford factory worker,
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>he proudly stated he raised a family. Had
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>a car. A wife. Children. All supported on
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>his good union job. He sold his house and
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>now is an “off-the-grid, solar Libertarian–
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Republican.” I quickly learned that up
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>here in this off-the-grid community, your
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>wealth is measured by the number of
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>solar panels you have, multiplied by the
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>size and flow of your water tank…
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>On my way back to Calistoga (in the
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Napa Valley), I received a message from
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>my real estate agent on my cell phone
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>(which doesn’t work at the property).
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>“Congratulations—you now own the
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>property.” Called Joni and left a message
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>that all was well. The solar cabin is ours.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Allan Stellar • Concow, California
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Wanted:<br />
| |
− | Performance Data
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>I just read through the twentieth
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>anniversary issue. Such fun, looking at
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>the journey…
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Looking at the past prompted me
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>to think of the future. Do you think it is
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>at all likely that you will be doing more
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | In this off-the-grid community, your wealth<br />
| |
− | is measured by the number of solar panels you<br />
| |
− | have, multiplied by the size and flow of your<br />
| |
− | water tank…
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>The original Solar Pathfinder<br />
| |
− | with its reflective properties gives an excellent<br />
| |
− | “instant solar blueprint” of the prospective site.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Now, the new Solar Pathfinder Assistant software,<br />
| |
− | and your digital camera, carry that shading information<br />
| |
− | | |
− | into a concise, thorough, professional-looking<br />
| |
− | solar site analysis report in just seconds.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Solar Pathfinder Assistant: automatically adjusts for magnetic<br />
| |
− | declination, latitude, azimuth, tilt angle, & tracking mode<br />
| |
− | (fixed, 1-axis, 2 axis); automatic yearly energy computations<br />
| |
− | | |
− | using included NREL data (no WWW necessary);<br />
| |
− | displays “before/after” results of removing obstructions;<br />
| |
− | CSI-EPBB compliant.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>3953 Marsh Creek Road, Linden, TN 37096 • 317-501-2529 • Fax 931-589-5400<br />
| |
− | info@solarpathfinder.com • www.solarpathfinder.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>The BEST Tool for Solar Site Analysis
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>JUST GOT BETTER!
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>New...
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Actual<br />
| |
− | Screen<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Shot
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Solar Pathfinder Assistant
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>SOFTWARE
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>USER FRIENDLY, FAST & ACCURATE
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <i>www</i>.<b>homepower</b>.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>25
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>...Mailbox
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>equipment reviews? It is nice to read
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>about somebody’s personal experiences
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>in setting up a system, especially when
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>it’s similar to what I have set up. And
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>seeing that they used some new item
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>that makes the system more efficient
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>is helpful. But those articles, useful as
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>they may be in motivating newbies, do
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>little to help those who are already sold
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>on the idea and need more specific info
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>to aid buying decisions. Or, like me,
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>already have a system and may want
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>to upgrade. We need to know that “X”
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>piece of equipment performs as well as
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>it is advertised, or not. And that among
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>the best-selling brands in a particular
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>category, “A” stands out in one regard
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>and “B” in some other regard…
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>An example: Several years ago, I
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>decided to upgrade my system, adding
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>50% to my PV array capacity. I knew I
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>would have to increase the controller
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>capacity over the Trace C-40 I had. So
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>I took a look at MPPT controllers. I was
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>able to get enough information in </b>Home
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Power<b> and elsewhere to determine that
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>this type of controller would increase
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>my system’s efficiency. But as to which
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>brand of MPPT controller to use, I found
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>little hard data. Yes, there was some
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>word-of-mouth info, which helped a
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>little. But I needed an outright review
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>with some hard data. I did not find any.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>I finally selected an OutBack MX60 and
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>have been happy with it. But I may have
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>just been lucky…
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Much of the new technology I run
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>into comes from the dealers’ ads. If it’s
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>something I might find useful, I do a
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Web search for reviews, comparisons,
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>etc., and I usually find very little. And
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>even now, a search for MX60 reviews
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>brings up nothing of substance.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Why am I concerned at this juncture?
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Well, my system is just over ten years
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Looking at the past prompted me to think of<br />
| |
− | the future: Do you think it is at all likely that<br />
| |
− | you will be doing more equipment reviews?
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b> / october & <b style="color:#000;background:#ffcc99">november</b> <b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b>
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>26
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>...Mailbox
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>old now. While I don’t see any real signs
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>of their coming death, my twelve Trojan
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>L-16 batteries will have to be replaced
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>in the foreseeable future, with the same
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>or perhaps with fewer but larger cells.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Also, I don’t have a “backup” inverter
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>to my Trace 4024, and supposedly the
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>technology has been improving. At some
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>time I would like to upgrade, while keeping
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>my old inverter as
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>a backup.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>What I am
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>saying is that there
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>is a need for hard
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>data on all the
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>various pieces of
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>equipment and, if
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>anyone is in position
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>to provide that data,
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>it is </b>Home Power.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>John Bertrand •
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Holualoa, Hawaii
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Home Power is ramping
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | up our hardware
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | reviews (see the
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solmetric SunEye review on page 88 of this
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | issue), and we’re increasing the frequency
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | of our in-depth equipment buyer’s guides
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | as well. In addition, we have two additional
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | equipment data collection and review
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | projects in the works. Look for more on
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | this in future issues of Home Power, and on
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.homepower.com in 2008.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Joe Schwartz • Home Power
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Overseas RE
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>It was a pleasure to read the “Clean
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Energy Pioneers” piece (</b>HP120<b>), which hit
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>my mailbox in Bangkok today. I remember
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>helping with a bunch of those articles—
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>seems like yesterday. I was especially
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>tickled to see in your retrospective article
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>a photo of myself as a long-haired 19-
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>year-old in front of the solar oven I built.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>And now, here I am, twice as old! What
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>a ride!
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>In a nutshell, here’s what I’ve been
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>up to. In 2004, I finally finished a doctoral
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>degree at UC–Berkeley’s Energy and
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Resources Group, with a dissertation
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>on community microhydro power in
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Renewable energy pro<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Chris Greacen:<br />
| |
− | Then…and now.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www</i>.<b>homepower</b>.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>27
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>...Mailbox
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | To send a letter to
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Home Power’s<b> Mailbox,
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | write to:
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>mailbox@homepower.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | or
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Mailbox, c/o Home Power<br />
| |
− | PO Box 520, Ashland, OR 97520
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Published letters will be edited for content<br />
| |
− | and length. Due to mail volume, we regret<br />
| |
− | that unpublished letters may not receive a<br />
| |
− | reply.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Thailand. In the process, I got diverted
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>by working on various renewable energy
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>projects. Since 2000, I’ve been living in
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Bangkok.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>In 2003, my wife and I started Palang
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Thai (www.palangthai.org), an NGO
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>that works to improve conditions for
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>clean, decentralized energy in Thailand
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>and the Mekong region. One success
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>we had was drafting Thailand’s net-
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>metering regulations, which are now in
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>place. An upgraded version approved in
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>December 2006 allows RE generators up
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>to 10 megawatts (MW) to net meter and
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>to sell excess electricity at a premium feed-
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>in tariff. More than 280 MW of projects
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>(mostly biomass from sugar cane and rice-
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>husk residues) have been approved under
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>the regulations. Despite some successes,
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>the clean energy community in SE Asia is
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>a tiny minority and for every MW of RE,
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>another 20 or so MW of dirty conventional
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>coal/gas is in the pipeline. In the past few
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>months, nuclear energy is raising its ugly
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>head all over the region, with plans in place
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>in Thailand, Vietnam, and (gasp!) Burma…
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Home power technologies and
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>sensibilities are sorely needed over here...
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>We’re always looking for talented long-
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>term volunteers! I’m real proud of all that
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>y’all have done over the years. We’re now
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>a force to be reckoned with. The forces
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>of light, creativity, logic, and compassion
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>are chipping away at the old, dirty, greasy
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>hegemony.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Chris Greacen • Bangkok, Thailand
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Window Tips
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>I’m about to mention something small
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>but effective. It took me until this year to
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>realize it, after fifty years of solar energy
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>awareness. On sunny autumn, winter,
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>and spring days, when you can use
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>more heat in your home, take off your
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>window screens! Compared to leaving
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>your screens on, it will significantly
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>increase the solar energy input.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Somehow I missed this until I made a
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>PV power meter and checked the output
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>of a module through my new double-pane
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>windows. Then I thought about what
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>would happen to module output through
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>a screen. (PV output is not the same
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>as solar thermal gain, but it reminded
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>me that I’m losing solar potential by
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>leaving my screens on.) And the rest is
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>history, which we need to share, even
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>if everyone says in retrospect, “I know
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>that—it’s obvious!”
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>S. Premena • via e-mail
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.phocos.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Get more energy from your system<br />
| |
− | Rated for use with PV input up to<br />
| |
− | 96 Voc in 12/24V<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Stand-Alone<br />
| |
− | Systems
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Phocos USA
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 742 E. 46th Street Tucson, AZ 85713 USA<br />
| |
− | <b>Phone:</b> +1 (520) 777-7906<b> Fax:</b> +1 (520) 844-6316 info-usa@phocos.com
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Ready for use in<br />
| |
− | Stand-Alone Systems
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Germany China India Bolivia Australia Brazil Kenya Mongolia Romania Singapore South Africa Tunisia USA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | GridPoint Connect™ seamlessly integrates<br />
| |
− | renewable energy, grid-tied instant battery<br />
| |
− | | |
− | backup power and an onboard computer<br />
| |
− | to provide an easy to install, smart<br />
| |
− | energy solution.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | GridPoint Connect is remotely monitored<br />
| |
− | by GridPoint operations center for optimal<br />
| |
− | performance and provides home and<br />
| |
− | | |
− | business owners with the first online energy<br />
| |
− | management portal to control energy<br />
| |
− | production, consumption and costs.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solar<br />
| |
− | Made<br />
| |
− | Smart.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Backup power made easy.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | To learn more, visit us at <b>Booth #223 </b>at:
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Visit <b>www.gridpoint.com/consumer<br />
| |
− | </b>or call 888.998.GRID (4743).
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SOLAR
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | WATER HEATING
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | JUST GOTA LITTLE
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>GREENER.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>THE BEST OF BOTH WORLDS • THE BEST FOR OUR WORLD • ONLY FROM HEAT TRANSFER.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>ULTRA-POWERFULWATER HEATING. ULTRA-EFFICIENT BACKUP.</b> Introducingasmarterseriesofwaterheaterswith<br />
| |
− | the power to capture the energy of the sun and<br />
| |
− | theabilitytoprovideareliableeconomicalback-up<br />
| |
− | system. • Building on our leadership in energy<br />
| |
− | | |
− | efficiency,The SuperStor Contender Solar, the<br />
| |
− | SuperStor Solar, and the Phoenix Solar cover the<br />
| |
− | gamut for any and all solar thermal applications.<br />
| |
− | Frombasicdomestichotwaterstoragewithboiler<br />
| |
− | or electric backup to an ultra-high efficiency gas<br />
| |
− | backup that combines a solar heat exchanger and<br />
| |
− | | |
− | an energy-saving, Low-NOx burner for both<br />
| |
− | domestic hot water and space heating in a single<br />
| |
− | unit, HeatTransfer has the solar solution that’s<br />
| |
− | right for your next job.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>ELECTRIC BACKUP
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>BOILER BACKUP
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>GAS FIRED
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>ELEMENT
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>HEAT EXCHANGER
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>BACKUP
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>in addition to the
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>in addition to the
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>with a Solar
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Solar Heat Exchanger
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Solar Heat Exchanger
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Heat Exchanger<br />
| |
− | for domestic<br />
| |
− | hot water and
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Glass lined
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Stainless Steel Glass lined
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Stainless Steel
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>space heating
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | PO Box 429, 120 Braley Rd, East Freetown, MA 02717 508.763.8071 www.htproducts.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>SUPERSTOR
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>SUPERSTOR
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>SUPERSTOR
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>SUPERSTOR
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>PHOENIX
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>CONTENDER-SE SOLAR-SE
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>CONTENDER-SB SOLAR-SB
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>SOLAR
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>SOLAR
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>SOLAR
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | HT0704-AD-PhoenixSolar_HPM_v2:Layout 1 07/26/07 <b style="color:#000;background:#66ff99">02</b>:51 PM Page 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b><i> / october & <b style="color:#000;background:#ffcc99">november</b> <b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b>
| |
− | | |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>30
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>HIGH-PERFORMANCE HOUSING<br />
| |
− | + SMART INVESTING
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Affordable<br />
| |
− | Solar
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>by Denis Du Bois
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>31
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>I</b>nnovative financing for this Mosier,<br />
| |
− | Oregon, town house development<br />
| |
− | | |
− | allows investors and homeowners alike<br />
| |
− | to share in the incentives and financial<br />
| |
− | benefits of harnessing solar energy.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www.</i><b>homepower</b><i>.com
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>These modern town houses in northern Oregon are shining examples of building<br />
| |
− | | |
− | with energy use in mind.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Richard Hallman (2)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Would home buyers pay a premium to<br />
| |
− | have renewable energy integrated into<br />
| |
− | their new town homes? Peter Erickson,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | owner of Urban Fund Inc., a Pacific<br />
| |
− | Northwest development company,<br />
| |
− | was pretty sure of it. “The public is<br />
| |
− | very aware of and concerned about the<br />
| |
− | rising costs of utilities. If a prospective<br />
| |
− | buyer can purchase a home that consumes less energy than a<br />
| |
− | | |
− | typical home and produce a portion of its own energy,” says<br />
| |
− | Erickson, “then it’s not a tough business decision.”<br />
| |
− | So he worked with his architects and a solar consulting<br />
| |
− | firm to integrate photovoltaic and solar hot water systems<br />
| |
− | into his 34-unit development in Mosier, Oregon. After some<br />
| |
− | preliminary number-crunching, he wasn’t confident that<br />
| |
− | | |
− | homeowners would be willing to front the large $28,000 per<br />
| |
− | unit initial expense that the two RE systems would require.<br />
| |
− | But some savvy financial planning saved the day, allowing<br />
| |
− | Erickson to realize his plans to add a strong renewable energy<br />
| |
− | component to high-performance housing.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Making RE a Reality
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Erickson tapped into the talents of solar consultant Doug<br />
| |
− | Boleyn of Cascade Solar Consulting, to figure out an attractive<br />
| |
− | financial strategy for incorporating renewables into the<br />
| |
− | development.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | In Oregon, financial support for both residential and<br />
| |
− | | |
− | commercial solar systems is strong. The state offers generous<br />
| |
− | tax credits for both home and business owners of qualifying<br />
| |
− | grid-tied systems, and the nonprofit Energy Trust of Oregon<br />
| |
− | offers additional cash incentives. Adding in federal tax credits<br />
| |
− | for residential and commercial solar energy made the decision<br />
| |
− | to install renewable systems a sound financial move.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Boleyn compared private and commercial solar incentives<br />
| |
− | and laid out two possible scenarios, based on a goal of<br />
| |
− | producing about half of the development’s electricity and hot<br />
| |
− | water with solar energy.<br />
| |
− | One approach was to leverage federal incentives available<br />
| |
− | | |
− | to private individuals for residential solar installations. Each<br />
| |
− | homeowner would qualify for a maximum $6,000 Oregon<br />
| |
− | state PV tax credit, plus a one-time $2,000 federal solar tax<br />
| |
− | credit. Although this would take care of a chunk of the up-<br />
| |
− | front cost, the combined credits represented less than 30% of<br />
| |
− | the total capital cost of the solar equipment on each home.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Plus, Mosier is a vacation destination, with Washington State<br />
| |
− | right across the river. Washington residents who purchased<br />
| |
− | a town house as their second home wouldn’t be able to use<br />
| |
− | Oregon’s tax credits.<br />
| |
− | The second option was to arrange for the solar equipment<br />
| |
− | to be commercially owned by a subsidiary of the development<br />
| |
− | | |
− | company. Business owners of solar installations qualify for<br />
| |
− | much higher incentives than do individuals under both<br />
| |
− | the state and federal programs. With no caps, the state and<br />
| |
− | federal business tax credits have potentially higher value,<br />
| |
− | and businesses can also depreciate the solar equipment, a tax<br />
| |
− | write-off not available to individuals.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | In addition to the tax breaks, the Energy Trust of Oregon<br />
| |
− | offers incentives to property developers who install solar-
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b><i> / october & <b style="color:#000;background:#ffcc99">november</b> <b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b>
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>32
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>affordable </b><i>solar
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ”The utilities no longer have a monopoly on supplying<br />
| |
− | power. Mosier Creek Solar is doing it, and at lower<br />
| |
− | electric rates.”
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | —Doug Boleyn, Cascade Solar Consulting
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | electric and solar thermal systems on<br />
| |
− | buildings. The result: The combined<br />
| |
− | business incentives would be enough<br />
| |
− | to offset 70% of the systems’ installed<br />
| |
− | | |
− | costs, a savings Erickson couldn’t pass<br />
| |
− | up—and would be able to pass on to the<br />
| |
− | homeowners.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | To capitalize on the largest incentives,<br />
| |
− | Erickson formed a subsidiary, Mosier<br />
| |
− | Creek (MC) Solar LLC, to own and operate<br />
| |
− | | |
− | the systems for a minimum of five years.<br />
| |
− | This third-party investment group bought<br />
| |
− | the solar equipment and took all the utility<br />
| |
− | and tax credit incentives. In addition,<br />
| |
− | they took accelerated depreciation for the<br />
| |
− | improvements over a five-year period.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | In effect, MC Solar became its own<br />
| |
− | solar utility, selling the solar electricity<br />
| |
− | generated by the rooftop systems to the<br />
| |
− | homeowners at about 15% less than the<br />
| |
− | local utility’s retail rate, a significant<br />
| |
− | savings. Each homeowner has a net-<br />
| |
− | | |
− | metering agreement with the primary<br />
| |
− | utility (Pacific Power) and can offset<br />
| |
− | with solar up to 100% of their electricity<br />
| |
− | use at the same rate that the utility<br />
| |
− | charges.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | The addition of Btu meters would<br />
| |
− | | |
− | have made it possible to meter the energy<br />
| |
− | produced by the solar water collectors as<br />
| |
− | well, but the investors were satisfied with<br />
| |
− | their return on investment without having<br />
| |
− | to claim the water heating savings. So the
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>By clustering the 34 residences into eight<br />
| |
− | | |
− | buildings, Mosier Creek Place devotes half of<br />
| |
− | its 5-acre site to maintaining the existing creek<br />
| |
− | and grasslands.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Large windows admit an abundance of<br />
| |
− | natural light into each townhome’s interior,<br />
| |
− | reducing the need for artificial lighting.
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>affordable </b><i>solar
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www.</i><b>homepower</b><i>.com
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>33
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Richard Hallman (2)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | approximately 2,500 kilowatt-hours equivalent annual energy<br />
| |
− | from the solar water heating system on each town house is<br />
| |
− | provided to the homeowner at no additional cost.<br />
| |
− | At the end of five years, homeowners who wish to<br />
| |
− | purchase their rooftop solar systems will be able to buy them<br />
| |
− | | |
− | at a fraction of their initial cost from MC Solar. Owning the<br />
| |
− | systems will mean that homeowners get low-cost solar energy<br />
| |
− | from their systems, helped by renewable energy credits<br />
| |
− | (green tags) and other available incentives.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>A Model of Success
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Erickson and his team, including Cascade Solar, Surround<br />
| |
− | Architecture in Portland, and local green building certification
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | agency Earth Advantage, have broken new ground for<br />
| |
− | renewable energy with Mosier Creek Homes. “This is a first-off<br />
| |
− | model for this sort of arrangement—a developer selling power<br />
| |
− | that’s produced right there on the building,” says Boleyn.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | “The utilities no longer have a monopoly on supplying power.<br />
| |
− | Mosier Creek Solar is doing it, and at lower electric rates.”<br />
| |
− | Boleyn says they checked Oregon utility law to make<br />
| |
− | sure that MC Solar would not be considered a public utility<br />
| |
− | and subject to regulation, and acknowledged that the<br />
| |
− | utilities were “quite cooperative in setting everything up,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | including the net metering agreements.”<br />
| |
− | Erickson is pleased with the outcome and says that high-<br />
| |
− | performance housing offers “distinct marketing advantages
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>34
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>affordable </b><i>solar
| |
− | | |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 100KWH
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | G
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>KWH Meter:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | To utility grid
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>AC Service Entrance:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | To 120/240 VAC loads
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>System<br />
| |
− | Performance<br />
| |
− | Meter
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>DC<br />
| |
− | Disconnect
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Inverter:</b> PV Powered PV2880 XV, 450 VDC<br />
| |
− | maximum input, 200–390 VDC MPPT window,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | 240 VAC output
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Photovoltaics: </b>Eighteen Sharp NE-170U1 or NT-180U1, 170 W or 180 W each at 34.8<br />
| |
− | or 35.9 Vmp, wired in two 9-module series strings for 3,240 W total at 323 Vmp
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Note:</b> All numbers are rated, manufacturers’ specifications, or nominal unless otherwise specified.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>PV<br />
| |
− | Combiner<br />
| |
− | Box
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | PV Powered
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | H2
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | H1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 100KWH
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>AC<br />
| |
− | Disconnect:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Exterior
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Right: PV modules cover the roofs of this<br />
| |
− | modern town house complex.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Below: PV Powered inverters convert DC<br />
| |
− | electricity from the arrays into typical<br />
| |
− | | |
− | household AC electricity.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Mosier Creek Homes On-Grid PV System
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b><i> / october & <b style="color:#000;background:#ffcc99">november</b> <b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b>
| |
− | | |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Courtesy Tod LeFevre (2)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | that protect the developer in a down-<br />
| |
− | market cycle. In fact, we came online<br />
| |
− | having received our final occupancy<br />
| |
− | permits this past June in the middle of<br />
| |
− | | |
− | a national slowdown in real estate and<br />
| |
− | have sold ten of our thirty-four units<br />
| |
− | to date.”
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | “The public is very concerned about<br />
| |
− | the rising costs of energy. If a prospective<br />
| |
− | buyer can find a home that is LEED-H<br />
| |
− | | |
− | certified and produces 50% of its energy<br />
| |
− | needs, then it’s an easy decision,” says<br />
| |
− | Erickson. “I wouldn’t have engaged in<br />
| |
− | the process if it didn’t pencil for both us<br />
| |
− | and the home buyer.”
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Access
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Denis Du Bois was hooked on solar<br />
| |
− | energy in 2001 when he installed a PV<br />
| |
− | system at his off-grid summer home.<br />
| |
− | He is CEO of P5 Group Inc., a Seattle<br />
| |
− | firm that helps energy-related companies<br />
| |
− | | |
− | market successfully. Du Bois founded<br />
| |
− | <i>Energy Priorities</i> magazine and hosts the<br />
| |
− | popular “Energy Minute” podcast series.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Cascade Solar Consulting • 503-655-<br />
| |
− | 1617 • www.cascadesolar.com •
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | RE planning
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www.</i><b>homepower</b><i>.com
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>affordable </b><i>solar
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>35
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Solar Incentives<br />
| |
− | for Better Business
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mosier Creek Solar LLC took advantage of three solar-electric and hot water<br />
| |
− | incentives available to businesses:
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Oregon state tax credit: 35% of system cost, no limit. (This has since been<br />
| |
− | raised to 50%.)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Federal solar investment tax credit: 30% of system cost, no limit.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Equipment depreciation: 5-year accelerated.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | In addition, the Energy Trust of Oregon kicked in $35,000 (the maximum, per<br />
| |
− | | |
− | project) through two incentives:
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • $1 per watt of rated PV capacity.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • $0.40 per kilowatt-hour of electricity saved for hot water.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | The Mosier Creek Homes formula for making PV financially appealing to both<br />
| |
− | developer and buyer:
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Install PV and solar water heating systems on each unit.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Set up a separate business to own the solar equipment.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Use business tax incentives and other subsidies to cover as much as 70% of<br />
| |
− | the cost.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | • Price the homes at a premium, because of their renewable energy features.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Sell the solar-generated electricity to the homeowners below retail rates, and<br />
| |
− | let them sell any excess to the utility.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Consider leasing or selling the equipment to the homeowners, which offers<br />
| |
− | another potential source of profit for developers and investors.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Location:</b> Mosier, Oregon
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Solar resource:</b> 3.9 average daily peak sun-hours
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Heating & cooling system:</b> Carrier Performance series,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Energy Star-rated heat pump/air conditioning system
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Electricity: </b>3.2 KW grid-tied PV system
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Water heating:</b> Solar, with electric backup
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Average monthly production, PV system: </b>366 KWH
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Average monthly production, SHW system:</b> 208 KWH
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Photovoltaic System Details
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Modules:</b> Sharp NE-170U1 or NT-180U1, 170 W or 180 W STC,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | 34.8 or 35.9 Vmp
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Array (per housing unit):</b> Two 9-module series strings, 3,240 W<br />
| |
− | STC total, 323 Vmp
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Array installation:</b> UniRac SolarMount, on south-facing roofs,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | 14-degree tilt
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Total PV installed capacity (entire complex):</b> 86.7 KW
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Inverters:</b> PV Powered PVP2800 XV, 450 VDC maximum DC<br />
| |
− | input voltage, 200-390 VDC MPPT voltage window, 240 VAC<br />
| |
− | | |
− | output
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solar Hot Water System
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Collector:</b> Sol-Reliant, 56 sq. ft.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Collector installation:</b> Roof mount, south-facing, 14-degree tilt angle
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Heat transfer fluid:</b> Propylene glycol
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Circulation pump:</b> PV-powered Hartell HEH18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Storage tank:</b> Rheem Solaraide 120-HE/1, 120 gal. (provides<br />
| |
− | | |
− | SHW storage and backup electric water heating); integrated<br />
| |
− | heat exchanger
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Town House Tech Specs
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | (continued on page 37)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b><i> / october & <b style="color:#000;background:#ffcc99">november</b> <b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b>
| |
− | | |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>36
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>affordable </b><i>solar
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Single-Tank Solar Hot Water
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Manufacturers of the single-tank solar/electric system<br />
| |
− | | |
− | place a single 240 VAC element about one-third of the<br />
| |
− | way down from the top of the tank. With a 120-gallon<br />
| |
− | tank, this assures at least 40 gallons of standby hot<br />
| |
− | water—even if the sun doesn’t shine. The heat in the<br />
| |
− | tall, vertically oriented tank naturally stratifies, with the<br />
| |
− | hottest water at the top. The solar heat exchanger is<br />
| |
− | | |
− | located in the bottom half of the tank, using the sun’s<br />
| |
− | energy to warm the coldest water first.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | On a sunny day, the solar gains will exceed the electric<br />
| |
− | element’s temperature setting, with solar energy heating<br />
| |
− | the whole tankful of water to 140°F or more. A water<br />
| |
− | heater timer can be used to keep the electric element off<br />
| |
− | | |
− | during the middle of the day, “prioritizing” solar energy<br />
| |
− | over heating with electricity. (A tempering valve should<br />
| |
− | be installed to ensure that scalding hot, solar-heated<br />
| |
− | water doesn’t flow into the hot water service.)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | In a single-tank solar-integrated system, solar energy is<br />
| |
− | generally able to achieve temperatures well above the<br />
| |
− | | |
− | thermostat setting, and the heat lost down to that setting<br />
| |
− | is all solar generated—and all free. The typical standby<br />
| |
− | loss of a two-tank system can be 15 to 20% of the total<br />
| |
− | energy required for the water heating system. In a single<br />
| |
− | tank system, standby losses are about half this amount.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Potable Hot<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Water Outlet
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Cold<br />
| |
− | Supply In
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Pressure<br />
| |
− | Relief<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Valve
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Isolating<br />
| |
− | Ball Valve
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Isolating<br />
| |
− | Ball Valve
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>12 VDC<br />
| |
− | Pump
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Low Point Drain<br />
| |
− | and Fill Valve
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Solar Heat Exchange Tank:
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Rheem Solaraide 120-HE/I,<br />
| |
− | 120 gal.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Tempering<br />
| |
− | Valve
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Potable Cold Water Line
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>4x14 ft. Sol-Reliant Collector
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Spring<br />
| |
− | Check<br />
| |
− | Valve
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Mosier Creek Homes<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Solar Hot Water System
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Besides electricity, the sun also provides domestic hot water<br />
| |
− | via solar thermal collectors.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Powerfully Efficient Homes
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | With an estimated total energy load of 13,560 kilowatt-<br />
| |
− | | |
− | hours per year for each townhome, the combined output of<br />
| |
− | the 3-kilowatt PV array and a 56-square-foot thermal solar<br />
| |
− | collector is expected to supply a little more than 50% of the<br />
| |
− | residence’s energy requirement. Doug Boleyn, consulting<br />
| |
− | engineer for the project, says that’s impressive for an all-<br />
| |
− | electric home on Oregon’s chilly Columbia River Gorge.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | But this shouldn’t be surprising, given that the Mosier<br />
| |
− | Creek development was built to the highest energy<br />
| |
− | specification. This LEED-certified project features high-<br />
| |
− | efficiency heat pumps, and Energy Star appliances and<br />
| |
− | lighting. Two-by-six studs framed at 24 inches on center<br />
| |
− | conserve lumber and reduce thermal bridging, and R-21<br />
| |
− | | |
− | insulation in walls, R-30 in the floors, R-38 in ceilings, and<br />
| |
− | low-emissivity, high-performance windows throughout help<br />
| |
− | ensure each townhome’s excellent thermal performance. The<br />
| |
− | townhomes are sited in an east–west orientation to maximize<br />
| |
− | solar gain. In all, the buildings use 30% less energy than<br />
| |
− | energy-efficient buildings of a decade ago.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Richard Hallman
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www.</i><b>homepower</b><i>.com
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>37
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>affordable </b><i>solar
| |
− | | |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | At just under 1,600 square feet, space was at a premium<br />
| |
− | in the two-bedroom townhomes—both inside and on the<br />
| |
− | roof. So the common two-tank solar water heating system—<br />
| |
− | with a solar preheat tank and conventional backup water<br />
| |
− | heater—was abandoned. Instead, a 120-gallon solar tank<br />
| |
− | | |
− | with built-in heat exchanger and a single upper electric<br />
| |
− | element serves as both the solar preheating tank and<br />
| |
− | backup electric water heater within a single footprint. The<br />
| |
− | tank fits neatly beside the energy-efficient clothes washer<br />
| |
− | and dryer in each townhome’s laundry room.<br />
| |
− | Twenty-eight individual PV systems, with a total<br />
| |
− | | |
− | installed capacity of 86.7 KW, were installed by Tod LeFevre,<br />
| |
− | P.E., of Hood River, Oregon-based Common Energy LCC.<br />
| |
− | PV Powered inverters, which are manufactured in Bend,<br />
| |
− | Oregon, were specified to synchronize the output of the<br />
| |
− | PV arrays with the utility grid.<br />
| |
− | On the roof, keeping the solar collectors and PV<br />
| |
− | | |
− | modules at a low <b style="color:#fff;background:#996600">profile</b> was important to the streamlined<br />
| |
− | architecture of the development. The long side-to-side<br />
| |
− | layout of the Sol-Reliant collectors fits nicely with the roof<br />
| |
− | plan and individual PV arrays.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | —John Patterson
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>www.unirac.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>THE STANDARD IN PV MOUNTING STRUCTURES
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SOLAR POWER <b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b> BOOTH 546
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | SEE OUR LATEST SOLUTIONS COME TOGETHER AT
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | UniRac Inc. develops, manufactures and supports mounting
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | solutions for photovoltaic (PV) arrays.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | UniRac has established itself as a clear leader in its market
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | segment by developing an outstanding reputation for product
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | range, consistency, innovation and <b>partnership</b>.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | betterSOLUTIONS<br />
| |
− | FASTERinstallation
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Common Energy LLC • 541-308-0988 •<br />
| |
− | | |
− | www.commonenergy.com • PV systems
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mr. Sun Solar • 503-222-2468 • www.mrsunsolar.com •
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solar thermal systems
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mosier Creek Homes • www.mosiercreek.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Surround Architecture • 503-224-6484 •<br />
| |
− | | |
− | www.surroundinc.com • Architect
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Urban Fund Inc. • 206-623-1234 • www.urbanfundinc.com •
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Developer
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>PV & Solar Thermal Systems Components Manufacturers:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | PV Powered • 541-312-3832 • www.pvpowered.com •
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Inverters
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Rheem • 334-260-1525 • http://waterheating.rheem.com •
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SHW storage tank
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Sol-Reliant • 888-765-7359 • www.solreliant.com •
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solar thermal collectors
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Sharp Solar • 800-765-2706 • www.solar.sharpusa.com • PVs
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | UniRac • 505-242-6411 • www.unirac.com • PV mounts
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Solahart systems<br />
| |
− | | |
− | OG-300 certified by SRCC
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Solar<br />
| |
− | Water Heaters<br />
| |
− | built by Solahart<br />
| |
− | and backed by<br />
| |
− | Rheem!
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Hot Water Free from<br />
| |
− | the Sun™
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | is a trademark<br />
| |
− | of Solahart Industries<br />
| |
− | Pty Ltd
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>S</b>olahart has been<br />
| |
− | designing and building<br />
| |
− | solar water<br />
| |
− | heaters since<br />
| |
− | 1953. The Solahart<br />
| |
− | | |
− | brand is backed by<br />
| |
− | Rheem, the leading<br />
| |
− | water heater<br />
| |
− | manufacturer<br />
| |
− | in the world.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Simple and reliable<br />
| |
− | | |
− | passive thermosiphon
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | systems
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Open and closed<br />
| |
− | loop systems for
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | installation in almost
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | any environment
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>For more information
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | on Solahart systems<br />
| |
− | and dealers, call
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>334-260-1525
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | or email us at
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>solar@rheem.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Hot Water Free from the Sun™
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Qualifies for New<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Energy Tax Credit!
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Rheem Water Heating </b>�<b>101 Bell Road </b>�<b>Montgomery, AL 36117-4305 </b>�<b>www.rheem.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Dealer inquiries<br />
| |
− | | |
− | are welcomed!
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Rheem SolarHPad 12/5/06 10:16 AM Page 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Does Your Distributor<br />
| |
− | Leave You Hanging?
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Does Your Distributor<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Leave You Hanging?
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Not groSolar. When Dan Leary of NexGen had a time critical<br />
| |
− | project, he relied on groSolar. In Dan's words: "I'd like to<br />
| |
− | especially thank you for tracking the many, many pieces and<br />
| |
− | ensuring that we were able to keep our crane date."
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | When you need the best product and someone to<br />
| |
− | make sure you're not left hanging, call groSolar.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Solar Electric, Hot Water, and Air Heating — Call Us Today!
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | groSolar provides project referrals to dealers in our network
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>NexGen is a groSolar<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Dealer Partner<br />
| |
− | Photo courtesy of NexGen
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | GRO Home Power Ad #121 B.qxp 8/3/<b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b> 12:26 PM Page 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | energy use, allow us to do more in our homes with reduced<br />
| |
− | | |
− | energy input—the very essence of efficiency. But don’t<br />
| |
− | expect technology to do it all. Habits and behaviors greatly<br />
| |
− | influence your energy consumption.<br />
| |
− | If you’re connected to the utility grid, implementing<br />
| |
− | these easy measures translates into lower utility bills. If<br />
| |
− | you’re planning an off-grid home, smart appliance and<br />
| |
− | | |
− | building design choices will both minimize renewable<br />
| |
− | energy equipment costs, and reduce or even eliminate your<br />
| |
− | reliance on a backup engine generator.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>N</b>o matter where you live—an uptown loft, a
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | drafty old farmhouse, or a contemporary home—<br />
| |
− | | |
− | addressing your dwelling’s energy efficiency<br />
| |
− | and reducing your household’s energy use<br />
| |
− | should be done before you invest in any renewable energy<br />
| |
− | (RE) gear.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | You can reduce your use—without giving up modern<br />
| |
− | comforts—by putting technology to work for you. New,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | energy-efficient appliances and heating equipment, along<br />
| |
− | with advances in building science and awareness of our
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b><i> / october & <b style="color:#000;background:#ffcc99">november</b> <b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b>
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>40
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>by Paul Scheckel
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>EFFICIENCY DETAILS
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | If you’ve been<br />
| |
− | dreaming about<br />
| |
− | | |
− | lowering your<br />
| |
− | electricity, space or<br />
| |
− | water heating bills,<br />
| |
− | but are daunted by<br />
| |
− | the seemingly high<br />
| |
− | up-front investment<br />
| |
− | | |
− | in renewable energy<br />
| |
− | equipment, fear no<br />
| |
− | more. Simple, energy-<br />
| |
− | smart strategies can<br />
| |
− | help you reduce both<br />
| |
− | the size and cost of<br />
| |
− | | |
− | that renewable energy<br />
| |
− | system you’ve been<br />
| |
− | dreaming about.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>FOR A CLEAN ENERGY CHANGE
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www.</i><b>homepower</b><i>.com
| |
− | | |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>efficiency </b><i>details
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>41
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | INEXPENSIVE ENERGY FIXES
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Tip 1: Know Your Loads
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | The first step on the renewable path is to get<br />
| |
− | familiar with how much energy your household<br />
| |
− | uses and identify where your energy dollars<br />
| |
− | are going. Take a look at a year’s worth of your<br />
| |
− | energy bills. Determine how much energy is used<br />
| |
− | | |
− | for space and water heating, air conditioning,<br />
| |
− | and other electrical loads.<br />
| |
− | Depending upon where you live, you may<br />
| |
− | find certain seasonal trends that lead to increased<br />
| |
− | energy consumption. For most of us, space<br />
| |
− | conditioning consumes the most energy and<br />
| |
− | | |
− | generally warrants the most attention when it<br />
| |
− | comes to efficiency efforts. Water heating is<br />
| |
− | typically the second largest home energy user.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Electronics<br />
| |
− | 5%
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Cooking<br />
| |
− | 5%
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Refrigeration<br />
| |
− | 8%
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Space Cooling<br />
| |
− | | |
− | 11%
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Water Heating<br />
| |
− | 13%
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Lighting<br />
| |
− | 12%
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Other<br />
| |
− | 10%
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Space Heating<br />
| |
− | 31%
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>5%
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Washer/<br />
| |
− | Dryer
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Point-of-use energy monitors<br />
| |
− | allow you to determine<br />
| |
− | which of your appliances<br />
| |
− | | |
− | are efficient, and which of<br />
| |
− | them aren’t. In addition,<br />
| |
− | whole-house electric energy<br />
| |
− | monitors can conveniently<br />
| |
− | report instantaneous and daily<br />
| |
− | kilowatt-hour consumption<br />
| |
− | | |
− | via a handy display. Both are<br />
| |
− | excellent tools to help put<br />
| |
− | electric use into perspective<br />
| |
− | and will help you track your<br />
| |
− | overall reduction efforts.<br />
| |
− | However, you probably<br />
| |
− | | |
− | already have a meter provided<br />
| |
− | by the electric company that<br />
| |
− | can also give you useful<br />
| |
− | information (many will<br />
| |
− | display both instantaneous<br />
| |
− | power and total energy)—you<br />
| |
− | | |
− | just need to read it.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Point-of-use energy monitor.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Electric appliances also can account for a sizable portion<br />
| |
− | of your overall energy consumption and have a large impact<br />
| |
− | on a renewable electricity system’s size and cost. For 120-volt<br />
| |
− | | |
− | electrical appliances, measuring energy use with a digital<br />
| |
− | power meter, such as the Brand Electronics, Watts Up?, or<br />
| |
− | Kill A Watt, will help you determine actual consumption and<br />
| |
− | prioritize which appliances need to be replaced with more<br />
| |
− | efficient units (see Access).
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Typical Household Energy Uses
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Tip 2: Adopt RE-Ready Habits
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Simply being aware of what appliances are in use, and what needs to be<br />
| |
− | used and when, can help you adjust habits to minimize household energy<br />
| |
− | use. Learn to read your electric meter so that you can see how much power<br />
| |
− | you’re using at any given time or how much energy was consumed over a<br />
| |
− | | |
− | period of time.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | The most efficient practices are those that don’t require any extra energy<br />
| |
− | input, such as hanging clothes to dry on a clothesline. The next tier of<br />
| |
− | efficiency is to install the most efficient technology and minimize use. For<br />
| |
− | example, wash clothes in a front-loading washer with a high “modified<br />
| |
− | energy factor” rating, dry for only a few minutes (or not at all) in the clothes<br />
| |
− | | |
− | dryer, and hang until completely dry. Take advantage of passive cooling<br />
| |
− | techniques to minimize or even eliminate the need for air conditioning. In<br />
| |
− | many climates, opening the windows at night and closing windows and<br />
| |
− | shades in the morning to keep the sun out, along with using ceiling or floor<br />
| |
− | fans, can be an effective cooling strategy.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Courtesy www.eere.energy.gov
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b><i> / october & <b style="color:#000;background:#ffcc99">november</b> <b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b>
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>42
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>efficiency </b><i>details
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Tip 3: Take Control
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Lowering the thermostat<br />
| |
− | is one sure way to reduce<br />
| |
− | heating costs. On average,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | you can expect to save<br />
| |
− | about 2% of the energy<br />
| |
− | you use to heat (or cool)<br />
| |
− | your home for every<br />
| |
− | degree you lower (or raise)<br />
| |
− | the temperature setting.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Use a programmable<br />
| |
− | thermostat and set it to<br />
| |
− | lower the temperature<br />
| |
− | 10°F when you’re sleeping<br />
| |
− | or away from home—or if<br />
| |
− | there’s no danger of pipes<br />
| |
− | | |
− | freezing, you can turn off<br />
| |
− | your furnace completely.<br />
| |
− | (And no, it will not take<br />
| |
− | more energy to reheat the<br />
| |
− | house than you saved by<br />
| |
− | keeping the thermostat turned down.)<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Wrap your water heater in an insulating blanket and set the<br />
| |
− | temperature as low as possible. Typically, a 1°F adjustment in<br />
| |
− | your water heater’s temperature will result in a 1% change in<br />
| |
− | energy use. You can use a timer to turn an electric water heater<br />
| |
− | off when you don’t need it, but you will gain more in efficiency<br />
| |
− | by using conservation strategies such as low-flow showerheads
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Call in the Energy Experts
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Expert energy auditors can help you identify the<br />
| |
− | best way to spend your energy improvement<br />
| |
− | dollars. You can find such experts through<br />
| |
− | your state’s energy office, the Residential<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Energy Services Network, or the U.S. EPA’s<br />
| |
− | growing Home Performance with Energy Star<br />
| |
− | program (see Access).
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | An energy auditor will examine every room<br />
| |
− | in your home, using tools such as an infrared<br />
| |
− | camera to check for insulation voids inside<br />
| |
− | | |
− | a wall or a “blower door” test to pinpoint<br />
| |
− | air infiltration. A typical audit can take from<br />
| |
− | two to four hours depending upon the tests<br />
| |
− | performed, and auditors may charge a flat rate<br />
| |
− | or by the hour. Always ask what specific tests<br />
| |
− | they will perform, how they charge for services,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | what the cost will be, and how the results<br />
| |
− | will be presented to you. An average home<br />
| |
− | might save up to 30% on energy costs if all the<br />
| |
− | auditor’s recommendations are followed.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | INEXPENSIVE ENERGY FIXES
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | and insulating water heater tank wraps. If you’ll<br />
| |
− | be away for more than a few days, simply turn off<br />
| |
− | your water heater entirely.<br />
| |
− | Timer controls and occupancy sensors work<br />
| |
− | well on lights that tend to get left on, and multiple<br />
| |
− | lighting circuits help put light only where you need<br />
| |
− | | |
− | it. Switched wall outlets or power strips allow you<br />
| |
− | to turn things off (such as the entire entertainment<br />
| |
− | center or office peripherals) with ease.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | GOOD GADGETS & QUICK FIXES
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Tip 4: Plug In to Power Strips
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | A “phantom load” occurs when an appliance that appears to be<br />
| |
− | off still consumes some electricity. Examples include appliances<br />
| |
− | with clocks or indicator lights, remote controls, and plug-in<br />
| |
− | power adapters. Although a few watts of standby energy use<br />
| |
− | per appliance may sound like small potatoes, the combined<br />
| |
− | | |
− | energy use of these small loads adds up fast. Phantom loads<br />
| |
− | in a typical American household use about 1.2 kilowatt-hours<br />
| |
− | per day—the equivalent of some superefficient off-grid whole-<br />
| |
− | house PV systems! Make efficiency easy to practice by using<br />
| |
− | switched outlets or power strips to control these loads and<br />
| |
− | make the switch on the strip easily accessible.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www.</i><b>homepower</b><i>.com
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>efficiency </b><i>details
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Tip 5: Bright Lighting
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Wherever you can, replace incandescent<br />
| |
− | bulbs with compact fluorescents (CFs).<br />
| |
− | CFs provide the same level of lighting,<br />
| |
− | at about one-quarter of the energy use of<br />
| |
− | incandescents. Although their up-front<br />
| |
− | cost is higher, their reduced energy use<br />
| |
− | | |
− | paired with their longevity translates into<br />
| |
− | long-term energy and cost savings. Use<br />
| |
− | compact fluorescent bulbs everywhere<br />
| |
− | except inside your fridge, where the cold<br />
| |
− | temperature, short on-times, and frequent on-and-off cycling will reduce the<br />
| |
− | lifetime of the bulb and offer little savings. In the fridge, remove the 40-watt<br />
| |
− | | |
− | bulbs it probably came with and replace them with a single 15-watt (or lower)<br />
| |
− | incandescent bulb.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | For electricity-free lighting during the day in windowless or dark rooms,<br />
| |
− | consider installing light tubes, which bring in natural light. (Skylights can<br />
| |
− | serve the same function but may also bring in unwanted heat during certain<br />
| |
− | seasons.) In areas where excess heat is not a concern, clear roofing panels can<br />
| |
− | | |
− | provide a fairly inexpensive solution to provide additional daylighting. My<br />
| |
− | (unheated) garage, porch, and chicken coop each have a few clear roofing<br />
| |
− | panels that really brighten these areas during the day.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Tip 6: Seal Leaks & Deal with Ducts
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Similar to appliances and electricity, the tighter your home, the less<br />
| |
− | | |
− | fuel you’ll need to keep it warm. Start by identifying and sealing air<br />
| |
− | leaks, which can be found around chimneys, window frames, the top<br />
| |
− | of the foundation walls where wood meets concrete, and plumbing<br />
| |
− | and electrical chases. Sealing your home against air leaks is the most<br />
| |
− | cost-effective improvement you can make to reduce heating and<br />
| |
− | cooling consumption while increasing your home’s comfort.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Unless they are properly designed, sealed against leaks, and well<br />
| |
− | insulated, heating and cooling ducts can account for tremendous<br />
| |
− | energy loss to the unconditioned spaces through which they travel, like<br />
| |
− | attics and basements. If you have forced-air heating or cooling, be sure<br />
| |
− | to seal and insulate ducts everywhere you can.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Tip 7: Go Low-Flow to Save on Heating
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | In most homes, heating water is second only to space conditioning in energy<br />
| |
− | use. Low-flow showerheads and faucet aerators can help lower your household<br />
| |
− | water consumption and water-heating demand. So can using only cold water<br />
| |
− | for clothes washing and laundering only full loads. If you have a private water<br />
| |
− | system, conserving water will also reduce your pumping energy requirements<br />
| |
− | | |
− | and the load on your septic system.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Courtesy Solatube
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | gwmullis
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Wagner Furlan
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>43
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b><i> / october & <b style="color:#000;background:#ffcc99">november</b> <b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b>
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>44
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>efficiency </b><i>details
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Tip 8: Improve Insulation
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Take a look in your attic. Depending upon<br />
| |
− | your climate, if there is less than 1 foot of<br />
| |
− | insulation, it will be worthwhile to add more.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Walls are a bit harder to examine. One trick<br />
| |
− | to inspect wall insulation is to either find or<br />
| |
− | make a small hole in the wall, and then poke<br />
| |
− | a wooden skewer into the hole. By wiggling<br />
| |
− | the skewer, you might be able to pull out a few<br />
| |
− | fibers of insulation. This is also a quick way to<br />
| |
− | | |
− | determine the depth of the walls and, therefore,<br />
| |
− | the thickness of the insulation.<br />
| |
− | Insulation won’t work well if it’s not properly<br />
| |
− | installed. Avoid gaps and compressions,<br />
| |
− | especially around plumbing pipes and electrical<br />
| |
− | wiring, and be sure the insulation material<br />
| |
− | | |
− | is in contact with all sides of the cavity into<br />
| |
− | which it is installed. The best time to add<br />
| |
− | insulation to walls is when you’re making other<br />
| |
− | improvements or renovations. Make sure air<br />
| |
− | leaks are sealed before adding insulation.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | INVEST IN ENERGY EFFICIENCY
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Tip 9: Get New Views
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Replacing older, single-pane windows with new<br />
| |
− | double- or triple-glazed units can save energy if<br />
| |
− | they are installed to include air-leakage control<br />
| |
− | around the frame. However, you can get almost<br />
| |
− | | |
− | as much savings by adding storm windows as<br />
| |
− | you can with new double-glazed windows, at<br />
| |
− | a fraction of the cost. Again, pay close attention<br />
| |
− | to air-sealing when improving older windows.<br />
| |
− | When it comes time to buy new windows, pay<br />
| |
− | more for more efficient units. Over the long-<br />
| |
− | | |
− | term, the up-front cost will pay for itself in<br />
| |
− | efficiency gains and reduced energy use.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>On Your Way to Renewables
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | With renewable energy, a little advanced planning can add up to<br />
| |
− | significant savings. Here are two quick tips to get you on the right track:
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | ✔ <b>Design right.</b> Whether you’re building a new home or remodeling an<br />
| |
− | old one, proper design and planning can offer savings once you’re ready<br />
| |
− | to install your RE systems. Orient additions or new buildings to true<br />
| |
− | south and reconsider rooflines and gables that interfere with solar access.<br />
| |
− | Provide an unobstructed south-facing roof surface that allows plenty of<br />
| |
− | | |
− | solar collection area.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | If you’re planning to install a PV or SHW system, consider incorporating<br />
| |
− | a chase between the roof and the basement to allow easy access and<br />
| |
− | plenty of space for running cables and insulated plumbing. And don’t<br />
| |
− | forget to construct your roof to handle the additional weight of collectors,<br />
| |
− | if necessary. Purchase a long-lasting roofing material too, and then, if you<br />
| |
− | | |
− | know what equipment you’re planning to use, consider pre-installing rack<br />
| |
− | stanchions before the new roof goes on.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ✔ <b>Double up.</b> If you identify what you want ahead of time, you can<br />
| |
− | piggyback projects with little or no extra cost. When we had some<br />
| |
− | driveway work done, I had the backhoe and crew already on site dig<br />
| |
− | | |
− | trenches for conduit between my house and a future wind turbine site,<br />
| |
− | as well as for piping between rain collection barrels. It took less than an<br />
| |
− | hour of backhoe time for all that work and now I’m a step ahead on two<br />
| |
− | future projects.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Courtesy Pella.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | David Lewis
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www.</i><b>homepower</b><i>.com
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>efficiency </b><i>details
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>45
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>Access
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Paul Scheckel is a senior energy analyst for the Vermont<br />
| |
− | Energy Investment Corporation and author of The Home<br />
| |
− | Energy Diet (New Society Publishers, 2005,<br />
| |
− | www.nrgrev.com).
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Digital Power Meters:
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Brand Electronics • www.brandelectronics.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Kill A Watt • www.p3international.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Watts Up? • www.doubleed.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Energy Efficiency & RE Incentive Information:
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency •
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.dsireusa.org
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Energy Star • www.energystar.gov • Information on
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | household energy efficiency and energy-efficient household<br />
| |
− | appliances
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET) •<br />
| |
− | www.natresnet.org • Professional home energy raters
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | directory
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Tax Incentives Assistance Project (TIAP) •
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.energytaxincentives.org
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Tip 10: Seek the Star
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Energy Star labels indicate a generally high level of efficiency<br />
| |
− | | |
− | for different classes of appliances, from dishwashers and<br />
| |
− | refrigerators to furnaces and air conditioners. Qualifying<br />
| |
− | products are compared to minimum federal efficiency<br />
| |
− | standards, and savings vary by product. For example, Energy<br />
| |
− | Star-labeled refrigerators must use at least 15% less energy<br />
| |
− | than the current federal maximum allows.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | While the Energy Star label helps you instantly identify<br />
| |
− | more efficient products, be sure to compare energy use among<br />
| |
− | labeled products by reviewing the yellow Energy Guide tag<br />
| |
− | and choose the appliance that uses the least amount of energy<br />
| |
− | in its class.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Courtesy www.eere.energy.gov
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <br />
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <br />
| |
− | | |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <br />
| |
− | | |
− | <br />
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <br />
| |
− | <br />
| |
− | <br />
| |
− | | |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <br />
| |
− | <br />
| |
− | <br />
| |
− | <br />
| |
− | | |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <br />
| |
− | <br />
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <br />
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <br />
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>What’s the Secret to High<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Performance Solar Heating?
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>For your FREE information kit, call today!
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>1-800-288-0667<br />
| |
− | www.viessmann-us.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | “Viessmann has been a leader in innovative hot
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | water heating technology since 1917, with over 30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | years experience in solar heating. Their high-
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | quality, state-of-the-art solar collectors, like all their
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | products, provide you with some of the cleanest,
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | greenest, most reliable energy available.”
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Innovative System Technology
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Viessmann provides solar collectors,
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | hot water tanks, controls – everything<br />
| |
− | you need to collect the clean, powerful<br />
| |
− | | |
− | energy of the sun.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • All parts are designed and manufactured
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | by Viessmann to integrate perfectly,<br />
| |
− | ensuring maximum performance.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Quality and Reliability
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Premium-quality materials mean
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Viessmann high-performance solar<br />
| |
− | systems are reliable and built to last.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • All solar system components are
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | designed for fast and easy installation<br />
| |
− | and maximum system performance.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Comprehensive Product Line
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Vacuum tube and flat plate solar
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | collectors are available individually or<br />
| |
− | | |
− | as fully-integrated system packages,<br />
| |
− | including matching tanks and controls.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Viessmann offers all the components
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | you need for solar hot water, pool or<br />
| |
− | supplemental space heating.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Easy Integration
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Viessmann solar systems integrate
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | easily with virtually any existing<br />
| |
− | heating system.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Unique mounting hardware allows
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | easy freestanding installation or on<br />
| |
− | flat or sloped roofs.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | C
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | M
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Y
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | CM
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MY
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | CY
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | CMY
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | K
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solar06-HomePower-US.ai 4/4/<b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b> 1:47:48 PM
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | home power 121 / october & <b style="color:#000;background:#ffcc99">november</b> <b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b>
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Unsure how much energy a PV<br />
| |
− | system will generate at your site? Use<br />
| |
− | the PVWatts performance calculator<br />
| |
− | to find out (http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/<br />
| |
− | | |
− | codes_algs/PVWATTS). This calculator<br />
| |
− | estimates electricity production based<br />
| |
− | on the peak sun-hours at your location.<br />
| |
− | Arm yourself with this information to<br />
| |
− | ensure that your economic analysis is<br />
| |
− | founded on accurate production figures.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Tap into Incentives.</b> Once you get<br />
| |
− | an idea of system sizes and costs,<br />
| |
− | check out your incentive options<br />
| |
− | at the Database of State Incentives<br />
| |
− | for Renewables & Efficiency (www.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | dsireusa.org), which offers the<br />
| |
− | most comprehensive compilation of<br />
| |
− | federal, state, and utility incentives<br />
| |
− | for RE systems and building efficiency<br />
| |
− | upgrades. Click on your state on the<br />
| |
− | interactive map to find out what’s<br />
| |
− | | |
− | available, or peruse the summary<br />
| |
− | tables to see incentives broken down by<br />
| |
− | category.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Estimate Energy Production & Costs.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Before investigating incentives for<br />
| |
− | | |
− | your project, you’ll need an accurate<br />
| |
− | estimate of your energy use and<br />
| |
− | potential savings from RE or from<br />
| |
− | energy-efficient upgrades. FindSolar’s<br />
| |
− | “My Solar Estimator” (www.findsolar.<br />
| |
− | com/index.php?page=rightforme) is<br />
| |
− | | |
− | a handy resource for both home and<br />
| |
− | business owners interested in investing<br />
| |
− | in solar electricity. The online calculator<br />
| |
− | can quickly give you an idea what a<br />
| |
− | photovoltaic (PV), solar hot water,<br />
| |
− | or solar swimming pool system will<br />
| |
− | | |
− | cost, and estimate the financial and<br />
| |
− | environmental benefits. Plug in your<br />
| |
− | location and some info from your utility<br />
| |
− | bills, and the estimator will display<br />
| |
− | available incentives, and also give a<br />
| |
− | rough estimate of your system’s cost<br />
| |
− | | |
− | and return on investment (ROI).
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Many federal and state tax<br />
| |
− | credits, rebates, and utility<br />
| |
− | incentives are available for<br />
| |
− | residential and commercial<br />
| |
− | renewable energy projects.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | To better the bottom line<br />
| |
− | and find the best financial<br />
| |
− | fit for your project, here<br />
| |
− | are your best Web bets for<br />
| |
− | discovering—and cashing<br />
| |
− | in on—your own RE<br />
| |
− | | |
− | returns!
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Alex Mathers
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>Cashing In on Renewable Energy
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | businesses, the Solar Energy Industries<br />
| |
− | Association’s federal tax manual (www.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | seia.org/manualdownload.php) will<br />
| |
− | help you and your accountant more<br />
| |
− | easily understand and navigate the new<br />
| |
− | federal incentives.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Finance an RE System.</b> Buying or<br />
| |
− | | |
− | building an energy-efficient home, or<br />
| |
− | making an existing home more efficient<br />
| |
− | can call for a larger-than-normal initial<br />
| |
− | cash outlay. Fortunately, financing,<br />
| |
− | both through government-insured and<br />
| |
− | conventional loan programs, is now<br />
| |
− | | |
− | available to support your efforts. In<br />
| |
− | many cases, lenders can approve a<br />
| |
− | larger mortgage payment based on the<br />
| |
− | projected savings on monthly utility<br />
| |
− | bills, or roll the costs of proposed<br />
| |
− | improvements into the mortgage. Use<br />
| |
− | | |
− | this site to find qualified lenders and<br />
| |
− | a certified home energy rater in your<br />
| |
− | area: www.natresnet.org/consumer.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | —Resource recommendations<br />
| |
− | by Andy Black • andy@ongrid.net;<br />
| |
− | written by Erin Moore Bean •<br />
| |
− | | |
− | erinmoorebean@gmail.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | If you’re thinking about investing<br />
| |
− | in PV, read OnGrid Solar’s Payback<br />
| |
− | and Other Financial Tests for Solar<br />
| |
− | Electric Systems (www.ongrid.net/<br />
| |
− | papers/PaybackOnSolarSERG.pdf)<br />
| |
− | | |
− | to acquaint yourself with the nitty-<br />
| |
− | gritty of PV payback, then check with<br />
| |
− | your state’s energy office, utilities,<br />
| |
− | or energy commission for any public<br />
| |
− | information or guides. If need be,<br />
| |
− | consult a tax professional to best<br />
| |
− | | |
− | apply any available incentives. For
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b><i> / october & <b style="color:#000;background:#ffcc99">november</b> <b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b>
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>50
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>If you’re thinking that only Californians and Southwesterners<br />
| |
− | can reap the rewards of solar energy, it’s time to think again.<br />
| |
− | Progressive and workable incentive programs, strong net-<br />
| |
− | metering support, increasing utility rates, and ample year-<br />
| |
− | round solar resources are giving home and business owners<br />
| |
− | | |
− | in several Northeast states plenty of opportunities to plug<br />
| |
− | into affordable renewable energy.
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>by Jon Sharp, Ray Furse & Robert Chew
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solar Success<br />
| |
− | in the Northeast
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Courtesy SolarWrights
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www.</i><b>homepower</b><i>.com
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>northeast </b><i>solar
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>51
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | our dollars spent.” According to the Energy Information<br />
| |
− | Administration, average retail rates for electricity in New<br />
| |
− | York have risen about 22% in the past four years—from 13.5<br />
| |
− | to 16.6 cents per kilowatt-hour.<br />
| |
− | Consumers are experiencing similar trends in other<br />
| |
− | | |
− | northeastern states. Connecticut Light & Power Company<br />
| |
− | recently requested a 4.6% hike in retail electricity rates<br />
| |
− | starting in 2008—this in a state whose residents have<br />
| |
− | suffered a whopping 90% increase in rates over the past<br />
| |
− | seven years.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Thankfully, these states also have initiated renewable<br />
| |
− | energy goals—of which solar comprises a varying share—<br />
| |
− | as well as differing funding solutions, paperwork, and<br />
| |
− | procedures for installation oversight. SolarWright’s founder<br />
| |
− | Robert Chew, who has both written and advised on subsidy<br />
| |
− | program legislation, feels that Connecticut’s incentive program<br />
| |
− | | |
− | for photovoltaics is a good model for the Northeast. Its<br />
| |
− | performance-based approach takes into account the PTC (PV<br />
| |
− | USA test conditions) rating of modules and inverter efficiency,<br />
| |
− | which better reflects real-world PV system production.<br />
| |
− | By requiring that approved PV installation professionals<br />
| |
− | install systems that are receiving financial incentives, the<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Connecticut Clean Energy Fund is balancing the necessary<br />
| |
− | increase in installation capacity to handle this fast-growing<br />
| |
− | market with maintaining high installation standards. In
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Solar Energy<br />
| |
− | in Any State
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | How will solar work for you and what might the payback<br />
| |
− | be? Before calling an installer, you can get some<br />
| |
− | preliminary information using one of several online<br />
| |
− | calculators. (See “Cashing In on Renewable Energy” on<br />
| |
− | page 48 for Web site resources.)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Consumers are advised to independently research the<br />
| |
− | | |
− | support that is available in their own state and to keep<br />
| |
− | that in mind when discussing energy solutions with<br />
| |
− | contractors. For the most up-to-date information about<br />
| |
− | RE incentives, visit www.dsireusa.org.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | After California and New Jersey—states with longer<br />
| |
− | histories of support for renewable energy—the Northeast<br />
| |
− | | |
− | has become the third-largest market for photovoltaic<br />
| |
− | systems in the United States. Solar thermal technologies<br />
| |
− | have enjoyed a parallel surge in popularity—in particular,<br />
| |
− | rooftop collectors for domestic hot water or radiant<br />
| |
− | heating.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SolarWrights, our Rhode Island-based renewable energy<br />
| |
− | | |
− | company with offices in Connecticut, Massachusetts, New<br />
| |
− | York, and Vermont, has seen an annual sales volume<br />
| |
− | increase from less than $100,000 in 2000 to more than $5<br />
| |
− | million and is experiencing continued rapid expansion. Jim<br />
| |
− | Grundy, president of Elemental Energy in East Montpelier,<br />
| |
− | Vermont, reports, “We’ve had a five-fold growth in sales<br />
| |
− | | |
− | since 1999.” In New York alone, the number of applications<br />
| |
− | for PV system incentives has increased by a factor of 3.5<br />
| |
− | during the past three years.<br />
| |
− | So what’s behind the northeastern rush to renewables?<br />
| |
− | Favorable economics, says Jonathan Klein, a consultant<br />
| |
− | specializing in emerging technology trends. Klein says<br />
| |
− | | |
− | that “solar energy still requires substantial subsidies” to<br />
| |
− | compete with subsidized fossil-fuel generated electricity,<br />
| |
− | and “stretching subsidy dollars means focusing on the<br />
| |
− | customers who require the least amount to make solar<br />
| |
− | power a profitable investment.” These customers, he says,<br />
| |
− | are the “small” utility customers—homeowners and small<br />
| |
− | | |
− | businesses—who end up paying the highest rates for<br />
| |
− | utility electricity.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | And in the Northeast, it’s these small customers<br />
| |
− | who pay some of the highest retail electricity rates in<br />
| |
− | the nation. Paired with progressive incentives, solar-<br />
| |
− | generated electricity quickly becomes an economically<br />
| |
− | | |
− | viable energy solution for these customers. In fact, when<br />
| |
− | states are ranked in order of the subsidies required to<br />
| |
− | make solar energy break even with utility electricity costs,<br />
| |
− | six northeastern states—Massachusetts, New Hampshire,<br />
| |
− | New York, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Maine—appear<br />
| |
− | in the top eight, the other two being California (No. 1) and<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Nevada (No. 3).
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solar electricity is particularly helpful to the notoriously<br />
| |
− | creaky Northeastern electrical grid. As more and more PV<br />
| |
− | systems are installed, the combined generation capacity<br />
| |
− | will help stabilize the utility infrastructure,<br />
| |
− | and reduce brownouts and blackouts during<br />
| |
− | | |
− | summertime peak loads.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>Tech Trends
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mary and Jack Brennan had eyes for the<br />
| |
− | future when they had a 9.7-kilowatt grid-<br />
| |
− | tied PV system installed at their Guilderland,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | New York, home. “We strongly believe in<br />
| |
− | preserving the earth for future generations,<br />
| |
− | and ‘going green’ is a portion of what we<br />
| |
− | can do to help the environment,” says Jack.<br />
| |
− | “Plus, our already-high electric rates will<br />
| |
− | probably go even higher…[so] our PV system<br />
| |
− | | |
− | will reduce the amount of utility electricity<br />
| |
− | we need to purchase and eventually reduce
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>PV System Comparison:<br />
| |
− | New York vs. California
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Area
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>PV<br />
| |
− | System<br />
| |
− | Size<br />
| |
− | (KWp)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>AC Output<br />
| |
− | | |
− | (KWH Per<br />
| |
− | Year)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Average<br />
| |
− | Utility Rate<br />
| |
− | ($ Per KWH)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Electricity<br />
| |
− | Value<br />
| |
− | ($ Per Year)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Capitol region of New York
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5,839
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | $0.159
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | $930
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Southern California
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 3.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5,839
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | $0.140
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | $817
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Ratio of CA : NY
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 78.0%
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 100.0%
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 87.9%
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 87.8%
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | The system size advantage goes to the smaller system in California, but the energy value in dollars<br />
| |
− | is greater in New York, making the point that solar electricity is not only effective in the sunniest<br />
| |
− | parts of the United States, but also in the Northeast due to high retail electricity rates.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Owner Name:</b> Robert & Lisbeth Chew<br />
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Location:</b> Bristol, Rhode Island<br />
| |
− | <b>Average Peak Sun-Hours:</b> 4.46<br />
| |
− | <b>System Type:</b> Grid-tied PV<br />
| |
− | <b>System Size:</b> 4 KW<br />
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Average Annual Production:</b> 4,960 KWH
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Although this hundred-year-old home in<br />
| |
− | Bristol is not governed by the stricter rules of<br />
| |
− | the historical district that begins one block to the west, its<br />
| |
− | new owners wanted to respect traditional aesthetics while<br />
| |
− | | |
− | installing a modern PV system. The steep pitch of the south-<br />
| |
− | facing roof threatened to make a typical PV installation stand<br />
| |
− | out, so careful array design and module selection was key.<br />
| |
− | The Chews opted for a rectangular design that followed the<br />
| |
− | home’s roof lines, and chose SunPower SPR-200 modules,<br />
| |
− | with their less obtrusive flat-black appearance.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Twenty modules feed into two SunPower SPR-2000<br />
| |
− | inverters. During its first twelve months of operation, the<br />
| |
− | system produced just over 4,960 kilowatt-hours. This has<br />
| |
− | delighted Robert and Lisbeth, as it has effectively freed<br />
| |
− | them from paying a monthly utility bill. Rhode Island’s net-<br />
| |
− | metering regulation zeros out excess PV production annually,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | which means the Chews can build up credits during the<br />
| |
− | sunnier months, and then use them in the winter. The Chews<br />
| |
− | say the array has the added benefit of shading the roof,<br />
| |
− | making their upstairs office cooler in the summer, reducing<br />
| |
− | the use of a window-mounted air conditioner and further<br />
| |
− | decreasing their need for electricity.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b><i> / october & <b style="color:#000;background:#ffcc99">november</b> <b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b>
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>52
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>northeast </b><i>solar
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Rhode Island, the utility National Grid has worked closely<br />
| |
− | with industry leaders to develop a streamlined and effective<br />
| |
− | interconnection application process that may also serve as a<br />
| |
− | valuable model.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>Solar Support
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | It hasn’t escaped the notice of savvy politicians that solar<br />
| |
− | technology is simply good business: It is one of the most<br />
| |
− | labor-intensive fields in the energy industry, and is on track<br />
| |
− | to create more than 30,000 new jobs in the United States by<br />
| |
− | | |
− | 2015. These are not low-wage temporary positions, but quality<br />
| |
− | careers in manufacturing, engineering, and installation.<br />
| |
− | According to a Solar Energy Industries Association report,<br />
| |
− | “each megawatt of installed systems supports 32 jobs, a<br />
| |
− | quarter of which are local installation and sales positions.”<br />
| |
− | The success that solar is seeing in the Northeast should<br />
| |
− | | |
− | put to rest any doubts about its effectiveness and value.<br />
| |
− | The region receives more sunshine than Germany, which
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | boasts the most installed PV of any country in recent years.<br />
| |
− | Solar installers and energy professionals agree that, unlike<br />
| |
− | the “boom and bust” environment created by quickly<br />
| |
− | established—and quickly snuffed—subsidy programs in<br />
| |
− | | |
− | the ’70s and ’80s, interest and investment in renewable<br />
| |
− | energy is here to stay.<br />
| |
− | Although occasional predictions of “breakthroughs”<br />
| |
− | in module efficiency appear in the press regularly, it is<br />
| |
− | unlikely that this will result in significantly decreased<br />
| |
− | consumer prices in the near term. More likely, increased<br />
| |
− | | |
− | manufacturing capacity will bring down the price of tried-<br />
| |
− | and-true silicon-based modules. Many industry experts<br />
| |
− | are forecasting continued equipment-cost reductions in the<br />
| |
− | years ahead. As the installed cost per watt of PV declines,<br />
| |
− | financial incentives will likely be scaled back and ultimately<br />
| |
− | eliminated. But that is not necessarily a bad thing: It would<br />
| |
− | | |
− | simply mean that solar technology is finally coming into its<br />
| |
− | own as an economically viable, clean energy choice.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>To respect the traditional aesthetics<br />
| |
− | of their historic neighborhood, Lisbeth<br />
| |
− | and Bob Chew installed an unobtrusive<br />
| |
− | rooftop PV system that followed their<br />
| |
− | | |
− | home’s roof lines.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>RE on the<br />
| |
− | East Coast
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Owner Name:</b> Pine Point School<br />
| |
− | <b>Location:</b> Stonington, Connecticut<br />
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Average Peak Sun-Hours:</b> 4.46<br />
| |
− | <b>System Type:</b> Grid-tied PV<br />
| |
− | <b>System Size:</b> 72.6 KW<br />
| |
− | <b>Average Annual Production:</b> 80,000 KWH
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | At Pine Point School, children learn the <i>four</i> R’s: reading,<br />
| |
− | ’riting, ’rithmetic—and renewables—with a 72.6-kilowatt<br />
| |
− | rooftop solar-electric array that provides 40% of the school’s<br />
| |
− | electricity needs. The system was funded in part through a<br />
| |
− | | |
− | special grant from Connecticut’s On-Site Renewable Energy<br />
| |
− | Generation program, with the balance of costs funded through<br />
| |
− | the solar developer. The school purchases the solar electricity<br />
| |
− | at a reduced rate through a green power purchase agreement<br />
| |
− | with the system owner.<br />
| |
− | Under this agreement, common for large commercial<br />
| |
− | | |
− | projects, the system developer owns the PV system and sells<br />
| |
− | renewable energy to the host at a reduced rate, adjusted<br />
| |
− | annually depending on the cost of electricity provided by the<br />
| |
− | local utility. This allows Pine Point School to avoid budgeting<br />
| |
− | the large cost of purchasing the system. As retail rates for<br />
| |
− | utility electricity continue to climb, the school will benefit by<br />
| |
− | | |
− | having reduced its grid usage.<br />
| |
− | “This is the first small-scale project in Connecticut to<br />
| |
− | incorporate a creative power purchase agreement between the<br />
| |
− | system developer and the host site,” says Lise Dondy, chief<br />
| |
− | operating director of the Connecticut Clean Energy Fund.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www.</i><b>homepower</b><i>.com
| |
− | | |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>northeast </b><i>solar
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>53
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Pine Point students are proud of their solar-electric school.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Owner Name:</b> Mark & Lisa Nelson<br />
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Location:</b> Westerly, Rhode Island<br />
| |
− | <b>Average Peak Sun-Hours:</b> 4.64<br />
| |
− | <b>System:</b> Evacuated tube solar hot water<br />
| |
− | <b>System Size:</b> Viessman V300, 30-tube collector<br />
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Average Annual Production:</b> 9.0 MBtu (2,638 KWH)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | The Nelsons chose a solar hot water system to offset their<br />
| |
− | use of an oil-fueled boiler that provides both space heating<br />
| |
− | and domestic water heating. With two children and frequent<br />
| |
− | guests, their boiler was running much of the time, which was<br />
| |
− | | |
− | especially annoying in the summer months. By switching to a<br />
| |
− | solar hot water system, the boiler rarely needs to run to heat<br />
| |
− | water for their household.<br />
| |
− | The Nelsons’ roof, which faces 40 degrees west of true<br />
| |
− | south, offered a particular design challenge for a typical flat-<br />
| |
− | plate solar hot water system. Finally, it was decided that an<br />
| |
− | | |
− | evacuated tube system would be a better match because it<br />
| |
− | is easier to rotate the tubes toward the south for maximum<br />
| |
− | solar exposure. A 20-watt PV module powers the system’s<br />
| |
− | circulation pump. Because of this, the system can continue to<br />
| |
− | function in the event of power outages. At 80 gallons of 120°F<br />
| |
− | water per day, their hot water use is a bit higher than the<br />
| |
− | | |
− | 62 gallons typically used by a family of four. But the effect of<br />
| |
− | installing the system has been that they rarely rely on using<br />
| |
− | their oil-fueled boiler in the summer—the system provides<br />
| |
− | about 70% of their yearly hot water needs.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | “Pine Point wants to reduce its carbon footprint,” says Pine<br />
| |
− | Point head of school Paul Geise. “In doing so, it hopes to serve<br />
| |
− | | |
− | as a model for other schools in Connecticut and throughout the<br />
| |
− | country. There’s no doubt that in the last year there has been<br />
| |
− | a sea of change in the public’s perception of the environment,<br />
| |
− | most notably regarding the topic of global warming. Pine Point<br />
| |
− | is committed to being a good steward of the environment, both<br />
| |
− | institutionally and through its work with students. That spirit<br />
| |
− | | |
− | and commitment have been most tangibly demonstrated with<br />
| |
− | the installation of a photovoltaic system that will supply well<br />
| |
− | over a third of the school’s electricity.”
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Homeowners Lisa and Mark<br />
| |
− | Nelson installed a Viessman<br />
| |
− | collector on their home’s<br />
| |
− | | |
− | rooftop to provide hot<br />
| |
− | water for their household.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Courtesy John Koulbanis, SunPublishing Co. (2)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Courtesy SolarWrights (4)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Owner Name:</b> Cheryl Wheeler & Cathleen Joyce<br />
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Location:</b> Swansea, Massachusetts<br />
| |
− | <b>Average Peak Sun-Hours:</b> 4.51<br />
| |
− | <b>System:</b> Solar pool heater<br />
| |
− | <b>System Size:</b> 9 Aquatherm 1500, 4 x 8 ft. collectors<br />
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Average Daily Production:</b> 0.2 MBtu per day during<br />
| |
− | summer (58.6 KWH)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | When folk singer Cheryl Wheeler and her partner Cathleen<br />
| |
− | Joyce built an in-ground saltwater swimming pool, they<br />
| |
− | wanted to heat it with solar energy and extend their swimming<br />
| |
− | | |
− | season. But they had already filled the south roof of their barn<br />
| |
− | with a 4-kilowatt PV array, and no other south-facing roof<br />
| |
− | space was available. That called for innovative problem-<br />
| |
− | solving from the installers. The barn’s shallow-pitched north-<br />
| |
− | facing roof offered a solution. The unglazed collectors were<br />
| |
− | mounted at a low pitch on the roof, and still produce a<br />
| |
− | | |
− | significant amount of hot water for pool heating. The pool’s<br />
| |
− | filter pump circulates pool water to the collectors, where it is<br />
| |
− | heated before its return trip to the pool.<br />
| |
− | Over the years, Cheryl and Cathleen have become strong<br />
| |
− | proponents of renewable energy and often promote its<br />
| |
− | concepts to concert audiences. At home, both walk the walk<br />
| |
− | | |
− | by driving Toyota Priuses, and relying on a PV array for<br />
| |
− | electricity and a solar thermal system for water heating.<br />
| |
− | Cathleen says that “the pool heating system has met all of our<br />
| |
− | goals,” with the pool easily reaching the preset temperature<br />
| |
− | of 88°F on sunny days. Although the temperature drops on<br />
| |
− | cool mornings after the cover is taken off, water coming from<br />
| |
− | | |
− | the collectors arrives 8°F to 10°F hotter than when it leaves the<br />
| |
− | pool, allowing them to extend the swimming season by eight<br />
| |
− | to twelve weeks each year.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Jon Sharp and Ray Furse are regional managers for<br />
| |
− | SolarWrights, in Saratoga Springs, New York, and Litchfield,<br />
| |
− | Connecticut, respectively. Robert Chew is the founder and<br />
| |
− | | |
− | president of their employee-owned RE firm, based in Bristol,<br />
| |
− | Rhode Island.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b><i> / october & <b style="color:#000;background:#ffcc99">november</b> <b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b>
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>54
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>northeast </b><i>solar
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Installing in the<br />
| |
− | Northeast
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | PV and solar thermal system siting, design, and<br />
| |
− | performance issues in the Northeast can vary greatly<br />
| |
− | by location, as the terrain includes coastal plains in the<br />
| |
− | east, and the Appalachian range and foothills in the west.<br />
| |
− | PV mount design should take into account high coastal<br />
| |
− | winds and special wind regions: canyons through which<br />
| |
− | | |
− | wind may be funneled at high speeds, and the upper<br />
| |
− | reaches of isolated hills and ridges.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Heavy snow loads typical in higher altitudes or caused<br />
| |
− | by lake-effect snows will require consideration. Roof-<br />
| |
− | mounted systems installed at very low tilt angles may<br />
| |
− | need to be hand-cleared, or will suffer decreased output<br />
| |
− | | |
− | until the snow melts. In snowy regions, pole-mounted<br />
| |
− | systems should be designed to keep the lowest modules<br />
| |
− | out of the snow.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | As with other structures, ground-mounted systems must<br />
| |
− | take into consideration the depth of the frost lines to<br />
| |
− | avoid frost heave. And the subsoil rocky ledge of western<br />
| |
− | | |
− | New England may require “pinning” or other special<br />
| |
− | installation methods for pole and ground mounts.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Finally, all PV systems must use durable materials<br />
| |
− | that can withstand the elements for 25 years or more,<br />
| |
− | especially the corrosive effects of salt air near the coast.<br />
| |
− | Your local installers and the manufacturers of system<br />
| |
− | | |
− | components are excellent resources for dealing with<br />
| |
− | special considerations in your climate.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Courtesy SolarWrights (3)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Cathleen Joyce and Cheryl Wheeler enjoy sunny days for more<br />
| |
− | than just one reason: a solar pool heating system (above)<br />
| |
− | | |
− | extends their swimming season and a solar hot water system<br />
| |
− | (below right) heats household water.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><tt>MK_HMEv1_07.qxd 3/27/07 11:56 AM Page 1
| |
− | </tt></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | all-electric vehicles (EVs). General Motors unveiled an electric<br />
| |
− | car in 1990, inspiring California’s clean-air regulators to<br />
| |
− | | |
− | demand that all the major car companies start producing<br />
| |
− | zero-emission vehicles. Thousands of leased electric cars hit<br />
| |
− | the roads, but a weakening of the clean-air mandate in 2003<br />
| |
− | allowed automakers to cancel the leases and destroy the cars,<br />
| |
− | as documented in the 2006 film, Who Killed the Electric Car?<br />
| |
− | EVs are powered solely by an electric motor and a large<br />
| |
− | | |
− | bank of batteries—not by a gasoline engine. When the driver<br />
| |
− | steps on the accelerator pedal, a controller sends electricity<br />
| |
− | from the batteries to the motor, making the vehicle move.<br />
| |
− | Regenerative braking systems use the electric motor to<br />
| |
− | convert some of the car’s kinetic energy into electricity that<br />
| |
− | gets fed back into the batteries as the vehicle slows down.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | The plug is the best thing—and the worst thing—about<br />
| |
− | EVs: On one hand, you get to plug them in (which is<br />
| |
− | generally a cheaper and lower-emissions source of energy<br />
| |
− | than gasoline), and on the other hand you have to plug them<br />
| |
− | in to recharge their batteries after 30 to 200 miles of driving,<br />
| |
− | depending on the car, driving conditions, and the battery type<br />
| |
− | | |
− | and size.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | While the car companies were making EVs, they also began<br />
| |
− | building hybrid gas-electric vehicles like the Toyota Prius,
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>L</b>ast summer, Google.org (the philanthropic arm of the
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Internet giant) launched a plug-in hybrid car project and<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Web site called RechargeIT.org, proclaiming, “Recharge<br />
| |
− | your car. Recharge the grid. Recharge the planet.” It could just<br />
| |
− | as well have added, “Recharge your home.”<br />
| |
− | Plug-in cars, some that rely solely on electricity and some<br />
| |
− | that marry an electric motor with a gasoline motor for better<br />
| |
− | mileage and fewer emissions (plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles<br />
| |
− | | |
− | or PHEVs), are slowly making their way into the mainstream.<br />
| |
− | And it’s not just because they replace most or all of the<br />
| |
− | gasoline used to fuel the typical car with cleaner, cheaper,<br />
| |
− | domestic electricity. The ability of electricity to flow into a<br />
| |
− | car’s batteries and also to be pulled back out and returned to<br />
| |
− | the electrical grid has caught the imagination of consumers<br />
| |
− | | |
− | and environmentalists alike. That return trip—commonly<br />
| |
− | called vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology—could power some<br />
| |
− | of a home’s electrical appliances during a grid outage, or<br />
| |
− | could be used by the electrical grid in ways that will increase<br />
| |
− | the storage of and our access to clean, renewable energy.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | An Electric Evolution
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | The story of plug-in hybrids has been unfolding within the<br />
| |
− | past two decades or so, beginning with the battle over modern
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b> / october & <b style="color:#000;background:#ffcc99">november</b> <b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b>
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>56
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>by Sherry Boschert
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Fueling<br />
| |
− | the Future
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Courtesy General M
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | otors Corp.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>plug-in
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Honda Civic, and the Ford Escape. Hybrids are gasoline-<br />
| |
− | dependent vehicles with internal combustion engines that<br />
| |
− | | |
− | also have an electric motor and a small bank of batteries. The<br />
| |
− | electric-drive components work with the engine, providing<br />
| |
− | boosts of power or increasing the overall fuel efficiency of the<br />
| |
− | vehicle. The most popular hybrid, the Toyota Prius, typically<br />
| |
− | gets 45 to 55 miles per gallon.<br />
| |
− | Hybrids on the market today aren’t designed to be<br />
| |
− | | |
− | plugged in. Instead they use the gas engine and, to a much<br />
| |
− | lesser degree, the drive motor via regenerative braking, to<br />
| |
− | recharge the batteries. Depending on a hybrid’s design, the<br />
| |
− | gasoline engine may shut down when the electric motor<br />
| |
− | can meet propulsion needs—saving energy and reducing<br />
| |
− | emissions—and automatically restarts when more power is
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | demanded. The fuel efficiency of hybrids depends on whether<br />
| |
− | they are “full” hybrids that include all the hybrid features,<br />
| |
− | or “hollow” hybrids that claim the name but incorporate<br />
| |
− | minimal features, such as stopping the engine while idling<br />
| |
− | but not using regenerative braking. Hollow hybrids may<br />
| |
− | | |
− | add merely 1 mpg in efficiency, and are often more about<br />
| |
− | increased power than increased fuel efficiency.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Plug-In Promises
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | People are realizing that hybrids can be improved by adding<br />
| |
− | more batteries and an AC charger that can be plugged into the<br />
| |
− | | |
− | grid. With overnight grid charging, a plug-in hybrid like the<br />
| |
− | Prius can travel 100 miles on 1 gallon of gasoline and about<br />
| |
− | 33 kilowatt-hours (KWH) of electricity. And PHEV drivers<br />
| |
− | still don’t need to think about finding someplace to recharge<br />
| |
− | the car if they want to drive long distances. If the owner<br />
| |
− | forgets to plug in overnight, it’s no big deal—a plug-in hybrid<br />
| |
− | | |
− | then operates just like a conventional hybrid.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www</i>.<b>homepower</b>.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>plug-in </b>hybrids
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>57
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Fueling<br />
| |
− | the Future
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | A few dozen Prius owners, eager for the benefits that plug-<br />
| |
− | in hybrids offer and tired of waiting for auto manufacturers<br />
| |
− | to produce them, have converted their hybrids into PHEVs,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | even though the modifications may void parts of the cars’<br />
| |
− | warranties. Felix Kramer of Redwood City, California, did it.<br />
| |
− | So did <b style="color:#000;background:#ffff66">Ryan</b> <b style="color:#000;background:#66ffff">Fulcher</b> of Seattle, Todd Dore of Chicago, and<br />
| |
− | Ron Gremban of Corte Madera, California, among others.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Google’s RechargeIT.org site shows a map of vehicles that<br />
| |
− | have been converted to PHEVs, and they are popping up all<br />
| |
− | over the country.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | These plug-in pioneers modified their cars for more than their<br />
| |
− | own benefit. They did it to make a point: If they could make a<br />
| |
− | plug-in hybrid, the major car companies could too—and should.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Kramer, Gremban, and a cadre of volunteers formed the<br />
| |
− | California Cars Initiative (CalCars.org) and in 2004 converted<br />
| |
− | Gremban’s Prius to a plug-in hybrid, doing the work in<br />
| |
− | his garage. They added inexpensive lead-acid<br />
| |
− | batteries and some innovative software to<br />
| |
− | | |
− | fool the car’s computerized controls<br />
| |
− | into using more of the energy<br />
| |
− | stored in the batteries instead of<br />
| |
− | using the engine, dramatically<br />
| |
− | increasing fuel efficiency.<br />
| |
− | Several small companies like<br />
| |
− | | |
− | EnergyCS in Southern California<br />
| |
− | and Hymotion in Canada have<br />
| |
− | started doing small numbers<br />
| |
− | of conversions for fleets and<br />
| |
− | government agencies, using<br />
| |
− | longer-lasting, more energy-<br />
| |
− | | |
− | dense lithium-ion batteries.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Kramer hired EnergyCS to convert his Prius as a<br />
| |
− | test case, and has reported on a typical day traveling<br />
| |
− | 51 miles, mostly on the highway. At fuel efficiencies of<br />
| |
− | 1 gallon of gasoline and 15.3 KWH of electricity expended<br />
| |
− | to travel 124 miles (the equivalent of about two to four cents
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | per mile for electricity, depending on local retail rates), his<br />
| |
− | plug-in hybrid used 61% less gasoline and cut the vehicle’s<br />
| |
− | greenhouse emissions in half. The total fuel cost? $1.76<br />
| |
− | instead of the $3.17 the car would have required on gasoline<br />
| |
− | alone.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | CalCars.org and the national Electric Auto Association have<br />
| |
− | created an open-source “Wiki” Web site with instructions for<br />
| |
− | do-it-yourselfers who want to convert their own hybrids to<br />
| |
− | plug-ins. They hope to put together a video and eventually<br />
| |
− | sell a package of components for individuals wanting to<br />
| |
− | convert their hybrids. (See www.<b style="color:#fff;background:#6600cc">eaa-phev</b>.org.)
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Plug-In Pioneers
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>CalCars founder Felix<br />
| |
− | Kramer’s Prius, converted<br />
| |
− | by EnergyCS, was one of<br />
| |
− | the first consumer-owned<br />
| |
− | | |
− | PHEVs to hit the road.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Courtesy CalCars.org
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Opposite: General Motors’<br />
| |
− | concept plug-in hybrid electric<br />
| |
− | vehicle, the Chevrolet Volt.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Improved Efficiency.</b> At an average fuel efficiency of<br />
| |
− | 20 mpg, a conventional gasoline car needs 5 gallons of gas<br />
| |
− | to travel 100 miles. The Toyota Prius hybrid needs about<br />
| |
− | 2 gallons to go that distance. In comparison, Toyota’s RAV4-<br />
| |
− | EV all-electric SUV goes 30% farther—about 130 miles—on the<br />
| |
− | | |
− | energy equivalent of just 1 gallon of gasoline (34 KWH). That’s<br />
| |
− | half the energy required by a conventional Prius hybrid and<br />
| |
− | one-fifth of the energy required by a standard gas-engine car.<br />
| |
− | So how do PHEVs pencil out?<br />
| |
− | Using the average price for residential off-peak electricity<br />
| |
− | in the United States—about 8 cents per KWH—the equivalent<br />
| |
− | | |
− | of 1 gallon of gasoline in energy (34 KWH) costs $2.72.<br />
| |
− | Assuming that amount of electric energy can move a car<br />
| |
− | at least 110 miles, driving on electricity costs about 2 cents<br />
| |
− | per mile. In comparison, for a conventional hybrid that gets<br />
| |
− | 50 mpg on gasoline costing $3 per gallon, each mile in a<br />
| |
− | hybrid costs 6 cents—more than double the cost of fueling<br />
| |
− | | |
− | with electricity.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Terry Penney, manager of the National Renewable Energy<br />
| |
− | Laboratory’s (NREL) FreedomCAR program, compared the<br />
| |
− | costs associated with electricity rates and gasoline prices for<br />
| |
− | a plug-in hybrid with enough batteries for a mere 10-mile all-<br />
| |
− | electric range. He found that in 45 out of 50 states (all but the<br />
| |
− | | |
− | few states with the highest electricity rates), driving a plug-<br />
| |
− | in hybrid would put money in the driver’s pocket: The fuel<br />
| |
− | savings would more than offset a plug-in hybrid’s slightly<br />
| |
− | higher projected sales price.<br />
| |
− | <b>Cash-Back Cars.</b> With vehicle-to-grid technology, a plug-<br />
| |
− | | |
− | in hybrid can become a “cash-back hybrid,” a term coined<br />
| |
− | by Jon Wellinghoff, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission<br />
| |
− | member. According to Wellinghoff, some electrical utilities<br />
| |
− | and power aggregation companies have already expressed<br />
| |
− | interest in the idea of contracting with plug-in hybrid owners<br />
| |
− | to get occasional access to the electricity stored in their<br />
| |
− | | |
− | vehicles’ batteries. V2G on plug-in hybrids is likely to be used
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | to supply electricity for what’s called<br />
| |
− | “spinning reserves,” for times when it<br />
| |
− | is difficult for the utilities to meet the<br />
| |
− | instantaneous demand of the grid. They<br />
| |
− | could also be used to shave peak loads by<br />
| |
− | | |
− | some individual V2G utility customers.<br />
| |
− | That, says Wellinghoff, would make<br />
| |
− | dollars and sense for a plug-in hybrid<br />
| |
− | owner, especially if the owner also had<br />
| |
− | a V2G contract. Wellinghoff says that,<br />
| |
− | in the future, plug-in hybrid owners<br />
| |
− | | |
− | could conceivably make profits of $400<br />
| |
− | for spinning reserve V2G contracts and<br />
| |
− | $2,700 per year for regulation contracts.<br />
| |
− | The owner’s contract would specify how<br />
| |
− | much energy may be drawn from the<br />
| |
− | car’s batteries. For example, they could<br />
| |
− | | |
− | specify that their vehicle must retain at<br />
| |
− | least 50% of its battery charge.<br />
| |
− | <b>Reduced Pollution.</b> While electric<br />
| |
− | utilities are waking up to the possibilities of plug-in hybrids,<br />
| |
− | some environmentalists are concerned about an increase in<br />
| |
− | | |
− | power plant pollution if everyone starts plugging in their<br />
| |
− | cars. Most electricity in the United States is still generated by<br />
| |
− | fossil-fueled (read: polluting) power plants and adding cars to<br />
| |
− | the grid’s loads would increase electricity demands.<br />
| |
− | The data on plug-in hybrids, however, has calmed most<br />
| |
− | environmentalists’ fears. Even plugged into the U.S. electrical<br />
| |
− | | |
− | grid, which gets more than half of its energy from coal, plug-<br />
| |
− | in hybrids would produce 42% less carbon dioxide, and<br />
| |
− | reduce emissions of other greenhouse gases and pollutants<br />
| |
− | when compared to conventional fossil-fueled cars, according<br />
| |
− | to NREL.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | As more wind and solar generation is added to the grid<br />
| |
− | | |
− | mix, driving with grid electricity becomes cleaner still. Plug-<br />
| |
− | in cars are synergistic with renewable energy, and V2G<br />
| |
− | expands that synergy. For example, in many locations the<br />
| |
− | wind blows mostly at night, when few people are awake to<br />
| |
− | make use of wind energy. In fact, it’s estimated that there’s<br />
| |
− | more than enough of an untapped wind resource in the<br />
| |
− | | |
− | United States to meet all current U.S. electrical needs, but<br />
| |
− | there’s no place to store that wind energy during times of off-<br />
| |
− | peak demand. However, nighttime is when people usually<br />
| |
− | plug in to recharge their EV batteries, and the batteries could<br />
| |
− | serve as distributed storage for that additional wind energy.<br />
| |
− | The U.S. Department of Energy estimates that plug-in electric<br />
| |
− | | |
− | vehicles with V2G technology could increase America’s<br />
| |
− | access to wind energy by a factor of three. And owners of<br />
| |
− | off-grid RE-powered homes, which store renewable energy<br />
| |
− | in batteries, could be driving cars that run partially on their<br />
| |
− | surplus homemade renewable electricity and use the vehicle<br />
| |
− | battery as further reserve capacity.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | A Japanese Web site created in 2005 prominently<br />
| |
− | showcases another important possibility of plug-in hybrid<br />
| |
− | vehicles—providing a source of emergency backup electricity
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b> / october & <b style="color:#000;background:#ffcc99">november</b> <b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b>
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>58
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>plug-in </b>hybrids
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Larry Brilliant, Google.org executive<br />
| |
− | director, recharges the RechargeIT car.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Courtesy Google.org
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | for a home during blackouts. It showed the plug-in Prius<br />
| |
− | as an integral part of the “Toyota Dream House PAPI”—<br />
| |
− | one example of environmentally friendly, energy saving,<br />
| |
− | intelligent home design. The project suggested that if a<br />
| |
− | | |
− | hurricane or other disaster knocks out the electric grid, the car<br />
| |
− | could supply electricity for some of a home’s critical electrical<br />
| |
− | loads for up to 36 hours.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Pulling for Plug-Ins
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Unfortunately, while the merits of plug-ins have been pimped<br />
| |
− | | |
− | by the popular press and garnered the favor of an impressive<br />
| |
− | aggregation of advocates, ranging from G. W. Bush to the<br />
| |
− | activist environmental organization Rainforest Action Network,<br />
| |
− | plug-in hybrids have yet to hit the mainstream market.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | To convince automakers that there is a market for these<br />
| |
− | cars, the City of Austin, Texas, launched a Plug-in Partners<br />
| |
− | | |
− | campaign and has gathered more than 8,000 advance “soft”<br />
| |
− | (no financial commitment) orders for plug-in hybrids.<br />
| |
− | Austin’s green energy comes from west Texas wind, and the<br />
| |
− | city would like to use more of it. With plug-in hybrids, Austin<br />
| |
− | aims to “replace Middle East oil with west Texas wind,”<br />
| |
− | according to the campaign motto.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | And another famous Texan is helping drive the plug-<br />
| |
− | in revolution: The day after his State of the Union speech<br />
| |
− | in January <b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b>, President Bush issued an executive order<br />
| |
− | saying that when plug-in hybrids become available, federal<br />
| |
− | fleets with 20 or more vehicles must buy them. With the<br />
| |
− | | |
− | stroke of a pen, he signified his administration’s support for<br />
| |
− | these cars.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Are automakers listening? Maybe.<br />
| |
− | Several automakers developed plug-in hybrid prototypes<br />
| |
− | in the 1990s, but cast them aside during their battle to<br />
| |
− | weaken California’s Zero Emission Vehicle mandate. Stung<br />
| |
− | | |
− | by bad publicity from Who Killed the Electric Car?, at least one<br />
| |
− | automaker has started to reverse its course. At the <b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b> North<br />
| |
− | American International Auto Show in Detroit, General Motors<br />
| |
− | showcased its prototype plug-in hybrid—aptly named the<br />
| |
− | Volt. With electricity stored in a lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery<br />
| |
− | | |
− | pack, this car purportedly can deliver 40 miles before the<br />
| |
− | flex-fuel (gasoline, E85, petrodiesel, or biodiesel) engine turns<br />
| |
− | on to recharge the batteries and extend the car’s range to<br />
| |
− | 640 miles.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | In the past year, at least five other major car companies<br />
| |
− | have said they’re developing plug-in vehicles. But the<br />
| |
− | | |
− | automakers are quick to say that plug-in hybrids won’t hit<br />
| |
− | the market until more research is done on advanced Li-ion<br />
| |
− | batteries (see Better Batteries sidebar).
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Move for the Future
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | The same day that Google switched on a 1.6-megawatt solar-<br />
| |
− | | |
− | electric array at its California headquarters—the largest<br />
| |
− | PV installation on a corporate campus in North America—<br />
| |
− | Google.org made another strong move toward energy<br />
| |
− | independence, launching RechargeIT.org. They unveiled five<br />
| |
− | plug-in hybrid conversions and plans to build a fleet of up
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www</i>.<b>homepower</b>.com
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>plug-in </b>hybrids
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>59
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Better Batteries?
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Although car companies say they’re waiting for better<br />
| |
− | | |
− | battery technology before they mass-market plug-in<br />
| |
− | hybrids, that doesn’t sit well with drivers like Marc<br />
| |
− | Geller of San Francisco, a PV systems salesman who<br />
| |
− | co-founded the nonprofit group Plug In America. The<br />
| |
− | nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries in Geller’s all-<br />
| |
− | electric 2002 Toyota RAV4-EV give the compact SUV<br />
| |
− | | |
− | plenty of power, take him all over the Bay Area, and<br />
| |
− | are expected to last the life of the car, based on utility<br />
| |
− | company fleet tests.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Long before unveiling its “new” plug-in hybrid Volt,<br />
| |
− | GM displayed a prototype plug-in hybrid version of its<br />
| |
− | EV1 electric car at auto shows in the 1990s. The EV1<br />
| |
− | | |
− | plug-in hybrid could go 25 miles on electricity stored<br />
| |
− | in NiMH batteries before the gasoline engine turned<br />
| |
− | on, which would then extend the range to 320 miles.<br />
| |
− | Professor Andrew Frank at the University of California<br />
| |
− | at Davis collaborated with the NiMH battery company<br />
| |
− | Energy Conversion Devices in 1998 to convert an early<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Toyota Prius to a plug-in hybrid, with similar results.<br />
| |
− | Toyota will be testing their plug-in Prius in Japan,<br />
| |
− | and will be delivering one each to UC–Berkeley and<br />
| |
− | UC–Irvine. The cars are expected to have only a 7- to<br />
| |
− | 8-mile range on their NiMH batteries, but if the cars<br />
| |
− | move into production, more advanced batteries are<br />
| |
− | | |
− | likely to be used.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | People who have been driving electric cars for years<br />
| |
− | using NiMH batteries suggest that the car companies are<br />
| |
− | stalling by insisting on Li-ion batteries. The major auto<br />
| |
− | manufacturers say that Li-ion batteries are preferable<br />
| |
− | because they store more energy in less space, so fewer<br />
| |
− | | |
− | batteries are needed and less weight is added to the<br />
| |
− | vehicle. It’s unclear, however, whether Li-ion batteries<br />
| |
− | will last as long as expected in conventional warranties.<br />
| |
− | California state regulators are considering modifying<br />
| |
− | warranty requirements for hybrids, which could jump-<br />
| |
− | start production of plug-in cars with Li-ion batteries.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Or, as GM’s CEO Robert Lutz acknowledged in a recent<br />
| |
− | interview on PodTech.net, if Li-ion doesn’t work out,<br />
| |
− | “we might use NiMH for plug-in hybrids after all.”
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Lithium-ion battery pack in CalCars’<br />
| |
− | EnergyCS/EDrive converted Prius.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Courtesy CalCars.org
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | to 100 plug-in hybrids for employee use. The company also<br />
| |
− | awarded a $150,000 grant for a large-scale V2G planning and<br />
| |
− | implementation research project, and is set to take proposals<br />
| |
− | for $10 million in funding for companies focused on plug-<br />
| |
− | in hybrids, electric vehicles, batteries, and V2G technology,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | demonstrating that where there’s a will (and some substantial<br />
| |
− | financial backing), there’s a way.<br />
| |
− | In the meantime, plug-ins might not be hitting the<br />
| |
− | showroom floor soon, but you can still support the push for<br />
| |
− | these resource-efficient vehicles. Here’s how:
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Support plug-in hybrids by joining Austin’s Plug-in<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Partners campaign, and by using collective buying power<br />
| |
− | as leverage. Plug In America lists the phone numbers of the<br />
| |
− | major automakers on its Web site and urges consumers to<br />
| |
− | call them. “Tell the automakers that you won’t buy a new<br />
| |
− | car unless it has a plug on it,” says EV driver and Plug In<br />
| |
− | America cofounder Marc Geller.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | • Push for government incentives or interventions to help<br />
| |
− | plug-in hybrids get to market. Plug In America and other<br />
| |
− | advocates have been lobbying the California Air Resources<br />
| |
− | Board—which this year is revising its weakened Zero<br />
| |
− | Emission Vehicle Mandate—to put some teeth back into<br />
| |
− | clean-car regulations.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | • Do it yourself. If you have some experience in high-voltage<br />
| |
− | electronics, you can convert a conventional hybrid to a plug-<br />
| |
− | in hybrid. Costs vary widely depending on components
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b> / october & <b style="color:#000;background:#ffcc99">november</b> <b style="color:#000;background:#ff66ff">2007</b>
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>60
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>plug-in </b>hybrids
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | and the type and number of batteries. And there’s no<br />
| |
− | standard conversion kit available yet, so be prepared to do<br />
| |
− | | |
− | lots of research first. (See Plug-In Pioneers sidebar.)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Access
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Sherry Boschert (info@sherryboschert.com) is the author of<br />
| |
− | Plug-in Hybrids: The Cars that Will Recharge America (New<br />
| |
− | Society Publishers) and is on the steering committee of Plug<br />
| |
− | | |
− | In America.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | California Cars Initiative • www.CalCars.org
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Do-it-yourself plug-in hybrid conversions •
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.<b style="color:#fff;background:#6600cc">eaa-phev</b>.org
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Electric Auto Association • www.eaaev.org
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Plug In America • www.PlugInAmerica.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Plug-in Partners • www.PlugInPartners.org
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | RechargeIT.org • Google.org’s initiative to reduce CO
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | emissions, cut oil use & stabilize the electrical grid by<br />
| |
− | accelerating the adoption of PHEVs
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Toyota Dream House PAPI: http://tronweb.super-nova.co.jp/<br />
| |
− | toyotadreamhousepapi.html
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | For a Solar Hot Water Cost-Benefit Analysis,<b>Call Today!</b>800.653.8540 or www.siliconsolar.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Solar Garden Lights & Fountains
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Commercial Grade Sign & Flood Lighting
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | • 6V & 12V Battery Charging
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Auto, RV, and Marine Battery Charging
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Portable Power & Lighting Systems
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Solar Cells, Modules, & Accessories
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Grid-Tie, Cabin, educational Solar Kits
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Featuring:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Evacuated Tubes
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Storage Tanks
| |
− | </b></p>
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− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solar Hot Water Heating Systems
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>$ 1,999.95
| |
− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
| |
− | <b>$ 2,499.95
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>MDP:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>MSRP:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Flat Plate Collectors
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>System Controllers
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Silicon Solar Inc
| |
− | </p>
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− | <p>
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− | Innovative Solar SolutionsTM
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− | | |
− | </p>
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− | <p>
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− | Building...
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− | </p>
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− | <p>
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− | a sustainable future for our global community<br />
| |
− | an educational network, and value chain<br />
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− | a cleaner, energy-efficient world
| |
− | </p>
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− | <p>
| |
− | >
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− | | |
− | </p>
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− | <p>
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− | >
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− | </p>
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− | >
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− | <p>
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− | <b>SunMaxx
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− | </b></p>
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| |
− | Making<br />
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− | | |
− | Renewable<br />
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− | Do-Able
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− | </p>
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− | <p>
| |
− | Your Northeast Source for Hands-on<br />
| |
− | Renewable Energy Education
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Toll-free: 877-878-4060<br />
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− | | |
− | workshops@altenergystore.com<br />
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− | http://workshops.altenergystore.com/
| |
− | </p>
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− | <p>
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− | Space is limited.<br />
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− | Reserve your spot today!
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− | </p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>www.altenergystore.com/hp121
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− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Shop online 24/7 or call now (M-F, 9AM-7PM EST)<br />
| |
− | Toll-free: <b>1.877.878.4060</b> or Direct: <b>+1.978.562.5858
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Midnite Solar E-Panel <b>Power Panel<br />
| |
− | </b>with 4400W MagnaSine <b>Inverter
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− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Why use a big and expensive power<br />
| |
− | panel for your inverter<br />
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− | system? Midnite Solar’s<br />
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− | E-panel will save time,<br />
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− | money and space. Fits<br />
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− | | |
− | a single inverter or<br />
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− | multiple in modules.
| |
− | </p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>Solar Pathfinder</b> with<br />
| |
− | <b>Case & Tripod
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | | |
− | Gives an entire year’s solar potential for<br />
| |
− | a given site in just<br />
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− | seconds! Is also<br />
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− | non-electric and<br />
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− | ready-to-use<br />
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− | upon receipt of<br />
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− | | |
− | shipment!
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− | </p>
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− | <p>
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− | Alt-E Staff-Designed
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− | </p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>Micro Grid-Tie Packages
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | We make getting<br />
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− | started with grid-tie<br />
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− | | |
− | affordable!
| |
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− | <b>$538
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− | <b>$3,239
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− | <b>$250
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− | | |
− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>Get an
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− | </b></p>
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− | <b>Extra Discount!
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− | <b>Mention this code:
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>HP121
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− | </b></p>
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− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>when you order<br />
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− | today!
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− | </b></p>
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− | <b>Solar Starter Package
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | An ideal collection of items for the<br />
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− | “solar beginner!” Package Includes<br />
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− | | |
− | a Kill-A Watt Meter, “10-Minute<br />
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− | Energy Saving Secrets - 250 Easy<br />
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− | Ways to Save Big<br />
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− | Bucks Year Round”,<br />
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− | “Photovoltaics Design<br />
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− | and Install Manual”
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− | | |
− | </p>
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− | <p>
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− | and a Solar Pathfinder
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− | </p>
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− | <p>
| |
− | with case included.
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− | </p>
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− | <p>
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− | P3 International P4400
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− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Kill-A-Watt Power Meter
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Use the Kill-A-Watt Meter<br />
| |
− | to discover how much<br />
| |
− | energy your appliances<br />
| |
− | and electronics are<br />
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− | REALLY using and where<br />
| |
− | you can start saving on<br />
| |
− | | |
− | your electricity bills!
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>$33
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | Southwest Windpower
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− | </p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>Air X Land 12V, 400W
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | Ready to try wind?<br />
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− | | |
− | This Southwest Windpower<br />
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− | Air-X turbine features micro-<br />
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− | processor based speed<br />
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− | control for increased<br />
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− | performance, improved<br />
| |
− | battery charging<br />
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− | | |
− | capability and the<br />
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− | reduction of “flutter” noise.<br />
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− | Can also be installed on<br />
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− | a rooftop!
| |
− | </p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>$353
| |
− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | | |
− | <b>$3,509
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
| |
− | Great Prices • Friendly Service •<b> FREE</b> Online Educational Materials<br />
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− | • NEW! Public Renewable Energy Training Workshops
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− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | GreenMeter
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− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Hybrid Energy Monitor
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Now you can monitor the performance<br />
| |
− | of your PV, wind, hydro systems and<br />
| |
− | batteries simultaneously; log data; track<br />
| |
− | cost savings, greenhouse<br />
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− | | |
− | gas emissions and<br />
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− | more over the<br />
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− | Internet!<br />
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− | A web-based<br />
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− | monitoring system!
| |
− | </p>
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− | <p>
| |
− | Your Solar Home Inc.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Solarsheat 1500G Glazed
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Solar Air Heater
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Reduce your heating bill by as much<br />
| |
− | as 30% this year with<br />
| |
− | this self-powered solar<br />
| |
− | | |
− | air heater! A do-it-<br />
| |
− | yourselfer with a few<br />
| |
− | friends can install<br />
| |
− | this unit on a<br />
| |
− | weekend.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>$1,682
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Our new learning center strives to offer a wide<br />
| |
− | variety of Renewable Energy workshops to<br />
| |
− | educate, inform and encourage the use and<br />
| |
− | installation of alternative energy systems in<br />
| |
− | our personal and professional lives.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Taught by industry experts, these seminars<br />
| |
− | range from the basics on what renewable energy
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | is to the specifics on how to install solar electric,
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | solar air heating, wind power and micro-<br />
| |
− | hydroelectric systems as a professional or<br />
| |
− | | |
− | do-it-yourselfer.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Reliable Water Supply:<br />
| |
− | PS Pump Systems
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Our wide range of different types of<br />
| |
− | pump systems provides the optimum<br />
| |
− | | |
− | solution for every off-grid pumping sit-<br />
| |
− | uation - reliable, efficient, maintenance-<br />
| |
− | free. We offer solar pumping solutions<br />
| |
− | for 12V to 96V DC or 115 to 400V AC<br />
| |
− | with helical rotor, centrifugal or rotary<br />
| |
− | vane pump mechanisms.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Crystal-clear Water:<br />
| |
− | PS600 BADU Top12 Pool Pump
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | LORENTZ solar-operated pool filtration<br />
| |
− | pump BADU Top12 provides crystal-clear<br />
| |
− | water for your residential pool and sub-<br />
| |
− | | |
− | stantially reduces your power bills.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Highest Energy Yields:<br />
| |
− | ETATRACK Solar Tracking Systems
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solar tracking greatly increases the en-<br />
| |
− | ergy yield of your modules by up to 20-<br />
| |
− | | |
− | 35% per year depending on the location.<br />
| |
− | LORENTZ provides solar tracking mounts<br />
| |
− | for off-grid systems of up to 17m²/180sqft<br />
| |
− | (approx. 2.5 kWp) size. No use of failure<br />
| |
− | prone light sensors or wind sensors. For<br />
| |
− | solar power plants LORENTZ offers a cen-<br />
| |
− | | |
− | tral control system to operate and moni-<br />
| |
− | tor enough trackers to reach several MW<br />
| |
− | size.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | LORENTZ solar products run worldwide in<br />
| |
− | more than 100 countries, in various proj-<br />
| |
− | ects, for farms and villages, under the<br />
| |
− | | |
− | toughest climatic conditions.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>LORENTZ<br />
| |
− | Heidekoppel 16<br />
| |
− | 24558 Henstedt-Ulzburg, Germany<br />
| |
− | Tel. +49 . (0)4193 . 7548 - 0<br />
| |
− | Fax. +49 . (0)4193 . 7548 - 29<br />
| |
− | | |
− | www.lorentz.de
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>SOLAR TRACKING </b>&<br />
| |
− | <b>SOLAR PUMPING SYSTEMS
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Homepower-2007-04-02.indd 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 06.04.2007 10:57:39
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Photovoltaic (PV) cells are made of a special class of<br />
| |
− | materials called semiconductors. Of all the semiconductor<br />
| |
− | materials, silicon is most commonly used because of its<br />
| |
− | availability (it’s the second-most abundant element in Earth’s<br />
| |
− | crust) and its special chemical properties.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | An atom of silicon has fourteen electrons arranged in<br />
| |
− | three different levels, or shells. The first two shells, those<br />
| |
− | closest to the center, are completely full. The outer shell, with<br />
| |
− | four electrons, is only half full. A silicon atom will always<br />
| |
− | look for ways to fill up its last shell (which would like to have<br />
| |
− | eight electrons). To do this, it will share electrons with four<br />
| |
− | | |
− | of its neighboring silicon atoms. It’s like every atom holds<br />
| |
− | hands with its neighbors, except that in this case, each atom<br />
| |
− | has four hands joined to four neighbors. That’s what forms<br />
| |
− | the crystalline structure, and that arrangement turns out to be<br />
| |
− | important to the function of a PV cell.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b><i> / october & november 2007
| |
− | | |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>64
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ow a slice of silicon often thinner<br />
| |
− | than a human hair can harvest<br />
| |
− | sunlight to make electricity<br />
| |
− | may seem like magic. But what may<br />
| |
− | | |
− | appear as a bit of sorcery actually<br />
| |
− | boils down to uniting science and<br />
| |
− | engineering wizardry with some of<br />
| |
− | Earth’s most abundant resources—<br />
| |
− | sunshine and silicon.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Scott Aldous,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Zeke Yewdall<br />
| |
− | & Sam Ley
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>14
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Si
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>28.09
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>2s2
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>3p2
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Silicon Atom:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 14 protons<br />
| |
− | | |
− | 14 neutrons<br />
| |
− | 14 electrons
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | K Shell:<br />
| |
− | 2 electrons
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | L Shell:<br />
| |
− | | |
− | 8 electrons
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | M (Valence) Shell:<br />
| |
− | 4 electrons
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Polycrystalline silicon, ready to be manufactured into<br />
| |
− | photovoltaic cells.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Courtesy www.recgroup.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | around. A P–N junction is commonly known as a diode—an<br />
| |
− | electrical one-way valve for electricity. The special thing<br />
| |
− | about PV cells is that they are diodes designed to absorb<br />
| |
− | energy from sunlight.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | When a photon—the electromagnetic energy of sunlight—<br />
| |
− | with enough energy hits the N-layer, it knocks an electron<br />
| |
− | free. These electrons stay in the N-layer. When a photon<br />
| |
− | of light hits an atom in the P-layer, it knocks an electron<br />
| |
− | free that can easily cross into the N-layer. The result is that<br />
| |
− | extra electrons accumulate in the N-layer. A series of metal
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www.</i><b>homepower</b><i>.com
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>photovoltaic </b><i>effect
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>65
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <i>Making a Better Carrier
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Energy added to pure silicon can cause a few electrons to break<br />
| |
− | free of their bonds and leave their atoms, leaving a “hole” (an<br />
| |
− | unfilled bond) behind. These “free carrier” electrons wander<br />
| |
− | randomly around the crystalline lattice structure, eventually<br />
| |
− | falling into another hole. But there are so few free carriers<br />
| |
− | | |
− | available in pure silicon that they aren’t very useful. Scientists<br />
| |
− | found they could improve silicon’s electron carrier ability<br />
| |
− | (conductivity) by adding other atoms in a process know as<br />
| |
− | “doping.”
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Silicon doped with an atom of phosphorous here and<br />
| |
− | there (maybe one for every million silicon atoms), will still<br />
| |
− | | |
− | bond with its silicon neighbor atoms. But phosphorous,<br />
| |
− | which has five electrons in its outer shell, has one electron that<br />
| |
− | doesn’t have anyone to hold hands with, so it takes a lot less<br />
| |
− | energy to knock it loose. As a result, most of these electrons<br />
| |
− | do break free, resulting in more free carriers. Phosphorous-<br />
| |
− | doped silicon is called N-type (“n” for “negative”) because of<br />
| |
− | | |
− | the prevalence of free electrons.<br />
| |
− | But only one part of our solar cell can be N-type. The other<br />
| |
− | part is typically doped with boron, which has three electrons<br />
| |
− | in its outer shell. Instead of having free electrons, P-type (“p”<br />
| |
− | for “positive”) has free holes.<br />
| |
− | The interesting part starts when you put N-type silicon<br />
| |
− | | |
− | next to P-type silicon—a silicon sandwich of sorts. When the<br />
| |
− | electrons and holes mix at the junction between N-type and<br />
| |
− | P-type silicon, silicon’s neutrality is disrupted and the free<br />
| |
− | electrons mix to form a barrier, making it harder and harder<br />
| |
− | for electrons on the N side to cross to the P side. Eventually,<br />
| |
− | equilibrium is reached, and an electric field separates the two<br />
| |
− | | |
− | sides. The electric field allows (and even pushes) electrons<br />
| |
− | to flow from the P side to the N side, but not the other way
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Polycrystalline wafers: uncoated (left) and with the telltale blue<br />
| |
− | antireflective coating (right).
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | C
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | o
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | u
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | r
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | t
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | e
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | s
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | y
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | w
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | w
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | w
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | .
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | a
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | d
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | v
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | e
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | n
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | t
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | s
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | o
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | l
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | a
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | r
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | .
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | c
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | o
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | m
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Electron Flow:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Through circuit, from N-layer to P-layer
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Holes
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Extra Electrons
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Silicon Atom: </b>4 electrons in outer shell. Shares with other silicon atoms<br />
| |
− | to form a stable crystal bond of 8 electrons.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Phosphorus Atom: </b>5 electrons in outer shell. Shares with silicon atoms<br />
| |
− | to form a crystal bond of 8, plus one extra electron.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Boron Atom: </b>3 electrons in outer shell. Shares with silicon atoms to form<br />
| |
− | | |
− | a crystal bond of 7 electrons and 1 hole, readily attracting extra electrons.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Electron: </b>Knocked around by energy of sunlight; moves through circuit<br />
| |
− | from N-layer to P-layer.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>N-Layer:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Phosphorus doped;<br />
| |
− | | |
− | extra electrons create<br />
| |
− | negative charge
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>P-Layer:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Boron doped;<br />
| |
− | deficient electrons<br />
| |
− | | |
− | create positive charge
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>P/N Barrier:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Electrically neutral;<br />
| |
− | allows electrons to<br />
| |
− | move from P-layer to<br />
| |
− | | |
− | N-layer, but not back
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Traces:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Conductors on cell surface<br />
| |
− | collect electrons from N-layer<br />
| |
− | and distribute electrons to P-layer
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Free Electrons:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Pile up in N-layer and can<br />
| |
− | only move to P-layer<br />
| |
− | through circuit
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Free Electrons:
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | In P-layer can be bumped<br />
| |
− | across P/N junction by<br />
| |
− | sunlight, attracting more<br />
| |
− | electrons through circuit
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Load:
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Electrons passing<br />
| |
− | through circuit<br />
| |
− | do work
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Sunlight:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Energy (photons) knocks electrons loose<br />
| |
− | | |
− | to move throughout crystal structure
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>P/N Silicon and the Function of a PV Cell
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | wires (traces) attached to the N-layer gives the electrons<br />
| |
− | someplace to go, and they enter a DC circuit, flowing from<br />
| |
− | the negative side of the cell and re-entering the cell through<br />
| |
− | | |
− | the positive side.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | PV modules are made by connecting numerous cells in<br />
| |
− | series, parallel, or series/parallel to achieve useful levels of<br />
| |
− | voltage and current. These cell networks include positive and<br />
| |
− | negative wiring terminals so we can channel the electricity<br />
| |
− | generated to our uses. As long as sunlight is coming in, the<br />
| |
− | | |
− | electrons will keep flowing and can deliver electrical energy<br />
| |
− | to a load that’s connected to the circuit.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>Electrons & Efficiency
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | One way to think about the process of electron movement is<br />
| |
− | to imagine that the P-layer is a pool filled with electrons and<br />
| |
− | | |
− | your deck is the N-layer. If a sufficiently strong photon hits<br />
| |
− | one of the electrons in the pool (P-layer), it can kick it up onto<br />
| |
− | the deck (N-layer) where you can catch it and put it to useful<br />
| |
− | work. Ideally, every photon coming into the pool would<br />
| |
− | bump an electron up onto the deck that you could collect and<br />
| |
− | put to use. However, silicon’s limitations, along with design<br />
| |
− | | |
− | challenges, prevent PV cells from being 100% efficient. In<br />
| |
− | reality, most commercially available cells are between 4% and<br />
| |
− | 22% efficient at converting the energy in the photons to useful<br />
| |
− | electricity. Here are several reasons why:
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Too Little or Too Much Energy.</b> The light that hits a cell<br />
| |
− | | |
− | contains photons with a wide range of energies, but a PV<br />
| |
− | cell will only respond to certain energies, or wavelengths.<br />
| |
− | The required level of photon energy to activate an electron<br />
| |
− | is referred to as the band gap. Different types of photovoltaic
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b><i> / october & november 2007
| |
− | | |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>66
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>photovoltaic </b><i>effect
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Measuring single-crystalline silicon ingots at the SolarWorld<br />
| |
− | PV plant in Vancouver, British Columbia.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Courtesy www.solarworld-ca.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Antireflective<br />
| |
− | Coating
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Glass:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Tempered, antiglare
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Traces: </b>Metallic<br />
| |
− | conductors
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>N-Layer Silicon:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Phosphorus doped
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>P-Layer Silicon:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Boron doped
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Traces: </b>Metallic<br />
| |
− | conductors
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Back Sheet:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Polyvinyl fluoride<br />
| |
− | film
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Note:</b> Material<br />
| |
− | thicknesses not to scale
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Module Encapsulant:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Ethylene vinyl acetate
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Module<br />
| |
− | Encapsulant:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Ethylene vinyl<br />
| |
− | acetate
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>PV Module Anatomy
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Densely spaced traces on the back of a PV cell<br />
| |
− | help transfer electrons to the P-layer.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | materials have different band gaps—higher and lower decks,<br />
| |
− | so to speak. Some photons don’t have enough energy, and<br />
| |
− | although they bump electrons, they don’t give them enough<br />
| |
− | energy to get them up on the “deck.” This energy is wasted<br />
| |
− | as heat. The lower the deck (lower band gap), the lower the<br />
| |
− | minimum energy required.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | So why can’t we choose a material with a really low band<br />
| |
− | gap, so we can use more of the photons? Unfortunately, the<br />
| |
− | band gap also determines the voltage of our solar cell. If it’s<br />
| |
− | too low, what we make up in extra current (by absorbing<br />
| |
− | more photons) we lose by having a small voltage (remember<br />
| |
− | that power is voltage times current). If the incoming photon
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Courtesy www.adventsolar.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>PV Cell Particulars
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Model-T maker Henry Ford was fond of telling consumers<br />
| |
− | they could have any color car, “so long as it was black.”<br />
| |
− | Options in PV module choices used to be as limited, but<br />
| |
− | | |
− | that’s changing. Today, you can choose from three basic<br />
| |
− | types of PV modules: monocrystalline, polycrystalline,<br />
| |
− | and thin-film.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Most of us are familiar with the iridescent-blue faces of<br />
| |
− | monocrystalline and polycrystalline modules. In both<br />
| |
− | cases, fragile razor-thin wafers of silicon are embedded<br />
| |
− | | |
− | in a rigid frame and protected behind a layer of tempered<br />
| |
− | glass. The difference between the two crystallines lies in<br />
| |
− | the production of the cell. Monocrystalline ingots are<br />
| |
− | extracted from melted silicon and then sawed into thin<br />
| |
− | plates. Polycrystalline cells are created by pouring liquid<br />
| |
− | silicon into blocks that are sawed into plates.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | In the thin-film process, a silicon film (or other materials,<br />
| |
− | such as cadmium telluride or copper indium gallium<br />
| |
− | selenide) is deposited on glass or stainless steel, or<br />
| |
− | within a flexible laminate. Although production costs<br />
| |
− | are lower due to lower material costs, the efficiency of<br />
| |
− | | |
− | thin-film modules is typically about half that of either<br />
| |
− | mono- or polycrystalline cells.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | is too strong, it bumps the electron up higher than the deck,<br />
| |
− | before it falls back down. In a PV cell, this energy expenditure<br />
| |
− | is also wasted in the form of heat.<br />
| |
− | To capitalize on the higher energies of some photons,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | some exotic PV materials have two levels of decks. If a photon<br />
| |
− | has enough energy, it can bump the electron all the way up to<br />
| |
− | a higher deck where it can be collected. Some amorphous PV<br />
| |
− | modules have two or three levels of decks, so if an electron<br />
| |
− | isn’t excited enough to get on the highest deck, it might at<br />
| |
− | least end up on a lower one and be used there.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | These two effects alone—too little energy and too much<br />
| |
− | energy in incoming photons—account for the loss of about<br />
| |
− | 70% of the radiation energy incident on our cell.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Imperfect Junctions.</b> A second source of inefficiency is that a<br />
| |
− | lot of electrons just roll through slots between the deck boards<br />
| |
− | | |
− | before you can collect them. A perfect crystal doesn’t have any<br />
| |
− | holes—every electron that is collected stays on the deck until<br />
| |
− | it can be collected. However, polycrystalline solar cells have<br />
| |
− | joints between crystals, resulting in an imperfection in the P–N<br />
| |
− | junction—holes in the deck, so to speak, that allow electrons to<br />
| |
− | slip back into the pool before they can be collected.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Even in a single-crystal solar cell, you still can’t collect<br />
| |
− | all the electrons. The metal traces that collect electrons in a<br />
| |
− | PV cell are spaced apart, and an electron that ends up too far<br />
| |
− | from it may be lost before it can travel to the nearest trace and<br />
| |
− | be collected.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www.</i><b>homepower</b><i>.com
| |
− | | |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>photovoltaic </b><i>effect
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>67
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Amorphous silicon has a similar problem<br />
| |
− | called hydrogen diffusion. Instead of being a<br />
| |
− | | |
− | solid silicon crystal, it has all kinds of loose<br />
| |
− | hydrogen atoms, which function like a deck<br />
| |
− | full of gaps. Also, electrons in a position to<br />
| |
− | be bumped by photons are fewer and farther<br />
| |
− | between because the hydrogen leaves less<br />
| |
− | silicon to hit. The hydrogen atoms are the<br />
| |
− | | |
− | reason that amorphous silicon decreases in<br />
| |
− | efficiency over the first few months before<br />
| |
− | stabilizing: Hydrogen in the atmosphere<br />
| |
− | slowly diffuses into the module.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Reflection, Obstruction & Temperature.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Silicon is very reflective, which makes<br />
| |
− | harvesting sunlight challenging, since a cell<br />
| |
− | can’t use photons that are reflected. For that<br />
| |
− | reason, an antireflective coating (typically<br />
| |
− | titanium dioxide or silicon nitride) is applied<br />
| |
− | to the top of the cell to reduce reflection losses<br />
| |
− | | |
− | to less than 5%. This coating is what gives<br />
| |
− | solar cells their blue appearance, instead<br />
| |
− | of gray, as raw silicon would appear. The<br />
| |
− | antireflective coating can be modified to get<br />
| |
− | different colors, such as red, yellow, green,<br />
| |
− | or gray, but these colors are less efficient<br />
| |
− | | |
− | than dark blue, so you very rarely see PV<br />
| |
− | modules in these other colors. The glass on a<br />
| |
− | module also has a special textured surface to<br />
| |
− | minimize the reflection of sunlight.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>R&D technicians inspect a monocrystalline wafer<br />
| |
− | | |
− | at a Suntech Power PV plant in China.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Courtesy www.suntech-power.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Because silicon is a semiconductor, it’s not nearly as<br />
| |
− | good as a metal for transporting electrical energy. Its internal<br />
| |
− | resistance is fairly high, and high resistance means high losses.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | To minimize these losses, a cell is covered by a metallic contact<br />
| |
− | grid that shortens the distance that electrons have to travel from<br />
| |
− | one side of the cell to the other while covering only a small part<br />
| |
− | of the cell surface. We could cover the bottom with a metal,<br />
| |
− | allowing for good conduction, but if we completely cover the<br />
| |
− | top too, photons can’t get through the opaque conductor and<br />
| |
− | | |
− | we lose all of our energy. If we put our contacts only at the<br />
| |
− | sides of our cell, the electrons have to travel an extremely long<br />
| |
− | distance (for an electron) to reach the contacts.<br />
| |
− | Various solutions to this obstruction have been considered,<br />
| |
− | from BP Solar’s laser-grooved buried-grid modules that put<br />
| |
− | the collection grid in trenches instead of using flat ribbons<br />
| |
− | | |
− | on the surface, to placing the metal contacts on the back<br />
| |
− | surface of the cell (as on SunPower modules), to transparent<br />
| |
− | conducting layers that are being used for some amorphous<br />
| |
− | and organic PV materials.<br />
| |
− | Temperature also affects a cell’s efficiency. Typically, for<br />
| |
− | each degree centigrade increase in operating temperature<br />
| |
− | | |
− | over its rated temperature, a PV cell loses about 0.5% of its<br />
| |
− | specified power. For example, a PV module that experiences<br />
| |
− | temperatures 50°C higher than its rated temperature (which<br />
| |
− | is quite common for rooftop modules) may produce 25%<br />
| |
− | less than its rated power. This happens because the thermal<br />
| |
− | energy is distributed unevenly, with some electrons having<br />
| |
− | | |
− | enough energy to “go the wrong way”—back across the<br />
| |
− | barrier, where they fall into holes we don’t want them to.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b><i> / october & november 2007
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>68
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>photovoltaic </b><i>effect
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>The Reality of Efficiency
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | After all this talk about efficiency, you might be surprised to<br />
| |
− | discover that buying the most efficient module on the market<br />
| |
− | shouldn’t be your only goal. When you’re talking about<br />
| |
− | | |
− | energy production, it’s watts that we’re really after. If a less<br />
| |
− | efficient PV module allows us to get those same watts for<br />
| |
− | less cost, it may be a more cost-efficient choice than a more<br />
| |
− | efficient, but more expensive, module.<br />
| |
− | If you have limited space on your roof or a small solar<br />
| |
− | window, using more efficient modules can often make sense.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | But if you have acres of warehouse roof, for example, it may<br />
| |
− | not. It all depends on your particular situation. To optimize<br />
| |
− | your investment, prioritize cost per installed kilowatt-hour,<br />
| |
− | longevity, and efficiency, in that order, if space is not a<br />
| |
− | consideration.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>Access
| |
− | | |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Zeke Yewdall (zeke@cosunflower.com) is chief engineer<br />
| |
− | at Sunflower Solar, a PV design/install company in Boulder,<br />
| |
− | Colorado.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Sam Ley (sam@cosunflower.com) is a physicist who works<br />
| |
− | at Sunflower Solar, and has extensive experience in science<br />
| |
− | | |
− | education at museums.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Portions of this article were adapted from Scott Aldous’s<br />
| |
− | article, “How Solar Cells Work,” courtesy ©2007<br />
| |
− | HowStuffWorks.com.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | INTRODUCING...
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Two Battery Solar Controller<br />
| |
− | with Remote Meter
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Phone: +1-215-321-4457<br />
| |
− | Fax: +1-215-321-4458<br />
| |
− | info@morningstarcorp.com<br />
| |
− | | |
− | www.morningstarcorp.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NEW!
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 25 Amps at<br />
| |
− | 12 volts DC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 25 Amps at<br />
| |
− | | |
− | 12 volts DC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | HOMEPOWER 2/07 40487
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1/2 page 7.125 x 4.625 4/C process
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Benjamin Root
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | P.O. Box 520
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Ashland OR 97520
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.800.707-6585
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | send hi-res .pdf file to:
| |
− | </p>
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− | <p>
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− | advertising@homepower.com
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− | </p>
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− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Ideal for RV’s, caravans, boats<br />
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− | and cottages.
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− | </p>
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− | <p>
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− | • Independently charges both the<br />
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− | “house” and engine battery.
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− | </p>
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− | <p>
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− | • Charging priority is user selectable.
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− | | |
− | </p>
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− | <p>
| |
− | • Remote meter displays digital and<br />
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− | pictorial system information.
| |
− | </p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>Simply the Best
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− | </b></p>
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− | Harvest the power of
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− | </p>
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− | | |
− | Harvest the power of
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− | </p>
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− | <p>
| |
− | 17 West Street<br />
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− | West Hatfield, MA 01088
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Stiebel Eltron is your one stop solar shop.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>SOLKIT 2 includes:
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
| |
− | <b>www.stiebel-eltron-usa.com
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− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | info@stiebel-eltron-usa.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | the
| |
− | </p>
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− | <p>
| |
− | the
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Sun
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Sun
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Season after season,<br />
| |
− | the sun gives its light to the earth,<br />
| |
− | allowing life to bloom.
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Every day a limitless crop of free,<br />
| |
− | clean energy reaches our planet.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Stiebel Eltron manufactures all the tools you<br />
| |
− | need for a successful thermal solar harvest.<br />
| |
− | And we’ve been doing so since 1976.
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>From our highly efficient flat plate collectors and<br />
| |
− | storage tanks to our complete line of mounting<br />
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− | hardware, pump stations, controllers, and<br />
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− | accessories, we have it all.
| |
− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
| |
− | <b>SBB 300 Plus Storage Tank
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>2 x SOL 25 PLUS<br />
| |
− | Flat Plate Collectors
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Pump station with<br />
| |
− | SOM 6 Controller
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Because every installation is<br />
| |
− | | |
− | different, we have a full line of<br />
| |
− | SOLKITS and mounting<br />
| |
− | hardware kits available. All<br />
| |
− | components and accessories are<br />
| |
− | available for individual sale.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Stiebel Eltron is the<br />
| |
− | | |
− | authorized distributor<br />
| |
− | of Thermomax®<br />
| |
− | vacuum tube collectors<br />
| |
− | for New England.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>800-582-8423
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | home power 121 / october & november 2007
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 70
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | hen we talk with people interested in investing<br />
| |
− | in PV, we often get the same question: “What’s<br />
| |
− | the best module?” Our stock reply is that choosing<br />
| |
− | | |
− | a module is similar to buying a Ford versus a Chevy—both<br />
| |
− | are dependable trucks that will get the job done. While<br />
| |
− | this response is oversimplified, it is sound general advice.<br />
| |
− | Compared to most consumer products, the cost, performance,<br />
| |
− | and durability of PV modules are relatively consistent—as long<br />
| |
− | as you purchase UL-listed modules that carry a warranty of<br />
| |
− | | |
− | 20 years or more.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | But when you dig into module specs and compare them<br />
| |
− | side by side, the distinguishing characteristics begin to emerge.<br />
| |
− | Because PV modules have 25-year-plus operational life spans,<br />
| |
− | small distinctions in performance or suitability for a given<br />
| |
− | application will be magnified over time. What may seem to be<br />
| |
− | | |
− | minor differences in daily array output can result in megawatt-<br />
| |
− | hours of energy lost or gained over the life of the system.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | A Changing PV Market
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Over the last few years, a shortage of silicon—the main material<br />
| |
− | in nearly all PV modules—resulted in a tight seller’s market.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | This left many installers who had been loyal to a specific brand<br />
| |
− | scrambling to get their hands on any available modules to keep<br />
| |
− | their projects rolling. The silicon shortage limited options for<br />
| |
− | choosing the optimal module for a given application.<br />
| |
− | More recently, increased investment in production<br />
| |
− | and long-term contracts between module manufacturers<br />
| |
− | | |
− | and silicon producers has eased the availability crunch<br />
| |
− | significantly. Existing PV manufacturers have ramped<br />
| |
− | up production capacity, and new players are joining the
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | manufacturing base. As a result, consumer choice is back<br />
| |
− | on the table, and that’s good for the PV industry, good for<br />
| |
− | installers, and good for businesses and individuals ready to<br />
| |
− | | |
− | invest in solar electricity.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | How to Use This Guide
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | This article provides a comprehensive listing of PV modules<br />
| |
− | that are UL listed and available in the United States (or in a<br />
| |
− | few cases, conservatively projected to be available in the first<br />
| |
− | | |
− | quarter of 2008). Included modules have a rated output of<br />
| |
− | 100 watts or higher at standard test conditions (STC) and a<br />
| |
− | minimum power output warranty of 20 years.<br />
| |
− | To navigate the detailed specifications tables on the<br />
| |
− | following pages, get familiar with the definitions and<br />
| |
− | descriptions provided. They’ll give you an understanding<br />
| |
− | | |
− | of each spec’s relevance to designing a high performance<br />
| |
− | system. The specifications included in the table will help you<br />
| |
− | determine which modules will allow optimal integration<br />
| |
− | with a given system’s inverters or charge controllers, and<br />
| |
− | overcurrent protection. They will also assist you in specifying<br />
| |
− | the highest power array for sites with mounting space<br />
| |
− | | |
− | limitations. (Note that specifications were collected from spec<br />
| |
− | sheets, provided directly by the manufacturers or calculated,<br />
| |
− | and are subject to change.)<br />
| |
− | PV systems represent a significant financial investment.<br />
| |
− | How an individual module model performs when coupled<br />
| |
− | with a given inverter or charge controller can make the<br />
| |
− | | |
− | difference between a design that is simply functional and a<br />
| |
− | design that performs optimally over the system’s decades-long<br />
| |
− | operational life.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Home Power’s 2007<br />
| |
− | Solar-Electric Module Guide
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>THE PERFECT
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>PV
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>SPECS...
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Manufacturer
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Definition:</b> A company that designs and builds a line of PV<br />
| |
− | | |
− | modules.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Importance:</b> PV manufacturers include global energy<br />
| |
− | companies like BP and GE. Manufacturers with long histories<br />
| |
− | of producing consumer or industrial electronics such as Sanyo,<br />
| |
− | Sharp, and Kyocera are devoting significant resources to PV<br />
| |
− | | |
− | production capacity. And there are “pure play” companies that<br />
| |
− | focus on one thing—manufacturing photovoltaic modules.<br />
| |
− | Examples include Advent Solar, Canadian Solar, Day4Energy,<br />
| |
− | Evergreen, SolarWorld, and Suntech Power.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Model
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Definition:</b> The identifier used to distinguish one module<br />
| |
− | from another.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Importance:</b> Other than giving you a reference point to<br />
| |
− | compare modules, model specifications and availability<br />
| |
− | | |
− | often change and should be verified prior to purchasing.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Rated Power at STC (watts)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Definition:</b> Module wattage rating at standard test conditions<br />
| |
− | (STC)—1,000 watts per square meter solar irradiance, 25°C<br />
| |
− | (77°F) cell temperature.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Importance:</b> The STC rating establishes a consistent basis<br />
| |
− | for comparing the power output of individual PV models—<br />
| |
− | but this specification shouldn’t be mistaken for the actual<br />
| |
− | power a module will generate consistently in the field. Rated<br />
| |
− | power tolerance (described below) and array operating<br />
| |
− | | |
− | temperatures are two factors that result in real-world module<br />
| |
− | output that, in most instances, will be significantly lower<br />
| |
− | than a module’s rating at STC. If you purchased a 100-watt<br />
| |
− | module with a measured power tolerance of minus 3%,<br />
| |
− | that module could potentially generate 97 watts in the field.<br />
| |
− | If the module was installed in a hot climate like Southern<br />
| |
− | | |
− | California and the array spent much of its life operating<br />
| |
− | at 50°C (122°F), the actual output of that 100-watt module<br />
| |
− | during the heat of the day might be about 85 watts. The<br />
| |
− | real-world wattage would be better if the module had a<br />
| |
− | 0% power tolerance rating and was operating in a cooler<br />
| |
− | climate, and worse if it had a lower tolerance rating and was<br />
| |
− | | |
− | installed in a hotter climate.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Rated Power Tolerance (%)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Definition:</b> The specified range within which a module will<br />
| |
− | either overperform or underperform its rated power at STC.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Importance:</b> Power tolerance is the most contentious module<br />
| |
− | specification. Depending on the module, this specification can<br />
| |
− | vary from as much as plus 10% to minus 9%. With only a<br />
| |
− | positive power tolerance (plus 2.5%), Evergreen’s new 195-watt<br />
| |
− | module is guaranteed to generate at least 195 watts at STC.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Shuco also manufactures two modules with no negative power<br />
| |
− | tolerance. Due to the recent trend of rating modules in small<br />
| |
− | increments, for example, a 5-watt difference between models,<br />
| |
− | the reality is that modules that meet the power tolerance of<br />
| |
− | the next highest model will be classified as such. The result?<br />
| |
− | Modules are more likely to produce at the lower end of the<br />
| |
− | | |
− | tolerance range. The bottom line is that the tighter the rated<br />
| |
− | power tolerance, the better, so you can be assured that you’re<br />
| |
− | getting the wattage you pay for.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www</i>.homepower.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | PV buyer’s guide
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 71
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>by Joe Schwartz<br />
| |
− | with Doug Puffer
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>THE PERFECT
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>PV
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | home power 121 / october & november 2007
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | PV buyer’s guide
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Rated Power per Square Foot (watts)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Definition:</b> Power output at STC per square foot of module (not<br />
| |
− | cell) area; calculated by dividing module rated power by the<br />
| |
− | module’s area in square feet.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Importance:</b> If you have limited space available for a PV array,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | this metric will help you determine which module will maximize<br />
| |
− | power output in a given area (power density). Rated power per<br />
| |
− | square foot is one tangible way to compare the efficiency of one<br />
| |
− | module to another. Currently, specific modules manufactured by<br />
| |
− | Sanyo and SunPower achieve the highest power densities.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Module Efficiency (%)
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Definition:</b> The ratio of output power to input power, or how<br />
| |
− | efficiently a PV module uses the photons in sunlight to generate<br />
| |
− | DC electricity.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Importance:</b> Module efficiency is another indicator of which<br />
| |
− | | |
− | modules will generate the highest power if space is limited.<br />
| |
− | While high efficiency is great, it typically comes at an increased<br />
| |
− | cost. For the modules surveyed, efficiencies range from 10.3%<br />
| |
− | to 19.3%. Manufacturers may also advertise the efficiency of<br />
| |
− | individual cells, which should not be confused with overall<br />
| |
− | module efficiency—a more important figure to consider. Finally,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | there has been a fair amount of hype on the Internet recently<br />
| |
− | about solar technologies reaching efficiencies greater than 40%<br />
| |
− | in the lab. But these devices are not ready for prime time, and<br />
| |
− | probably won’t be for decades. Most importantly, they shouldn’t<br />
| |
− | be compared to warranted, commercially available modules that<br />
| |
− | you can put to work today.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Module Physical Dimensions (inches)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Definition:</b> Length, width, and depth of a given module.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Importance:</b> Module dimensions vary, often significantly. Careful<br />
| |
− | | |
− | consideration of module dimensions during the system design<br />
| |
− | phase will result in an attractive array that is visually integrated<br />
| |
− | with the building and uses available space wisely. Poor layout<br />
| |
− | planning can result in an installation that’s less aesthetically<br />
| |
− | pleasing, such as arrays extending past the roof’s ridgeline or<br />
| |
− | gable ends.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Weight (lbs.)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Definition:</b> Module weight in pounds.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Importance:</b> The total weight of an installed array (including<br />
| |
− | | |
− | modules and racking) is not usually a factor that needs to be<br />
| |
− | considered unless ballasted mounts will be used or engineering is<br />
| |
− | required for the project. The weight figures here are for modules<br />
| |
− | only and do not include packaging for shipping.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Series Fuse Rating (amps)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Definition:</b> Amperage value of a series fuse used to protect a<br />
| |
− | module from overcurrent, under fault conditions.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Importance:</b> Series strings of modules wired in parallel at a<br />
| |
− | combiner box typically require overcurrent protection for each<br />
| |
− | | |
− | string. The module manufacturer specifies the amperage rating<br />
| |
− | of the required fuse or breaker. Many batteryless inverters are<br />
| |
− | designed to accept the individual output wiring of two or more<br />
| |
− | series strings without additional series fusing.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Connector Type
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Definition:</b> Module output terminal or cable/connector<br />
| |
− | configuration.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Importance:</b> To decrease installation time, most PV manufacturers<br />
| |
− | have moved away from accessible junction boxes where<br />
| |
− | | |
− | installers terminated module wiring at screw-type connectors.<br />
| |
− | Preinstalled cabling that includes “plug and play” weather-tight<br />
| |
− | connectors is now the standard. The most common connector<br />
| |
− | types are manufactured by Multi-Contact USA, which offers a<br />
| |
− | line of connectors commonly referred to as MC connectors. Two<br />
| |
− | manufacturers, Day4Energy and GE, use Solarlok connectors<br />
| |
− | | |
− | manufactured by Tyco Electronics.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Courtesy www.bpsolar.us
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Courtesy www.isofoton.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www</i>.homepower.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | PV buyer’s guide
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 73
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Materials Warranty (years)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Definition:</b> A limited warranty on module<br />
| |
− | | |
− | materials and workmanship under normal<br />
| |
− | application, installation, use, and service<br />
| |
− | conditions.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Importance:</b> Of the modules surveyed,<br />
| |
− | materials warranties vary from 1 to<br />
| |
− | | |
− | 10 years.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Power Warranty (years)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Definition:</b> A limited warranty for module<br />
| |
− | power output based on the minimum peak<br />
| |
− | power rating (STC rating minus power<br />
| |
− | | |
− | tolerance percentage) of a given module.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Importance:</b> Few consumer products have<br />
| |
− | warranties that come anywhere close<br />
| |
− | to those carried by PV modules: at least<br />
| |
− | 20 years. The fine print typically breaks<br />
| |
− | | |
− | down module power warranties based on<br />
| |
− | a percentage of minimum peak power<br />
| |
− | output within two different time frames—<br />
| |
− | 90% of minimum peak power is typically<br />
| |
− | guaranteed for 10 years, and 80% for 20<br />
| |
− | to 25 years.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Cell Type
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Definition:</b> The material that comprises a specific cell, based on<br />
| |
− | the cell manufacturing process.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Importance:</b> There are three general types of PV cell materials—<br />
| |
− | | |
− | monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and thin film. As the specs<br />
| |
− | here indicate, neither mono- nor polycrystalline cells show a<br />
| |
− | clear performance advantage. A module’s performance is more<br />
| |
− | directly related to the specifications of the particular cells used,<br />
| |
− | and the specific design of a given module. Thin-film modules<br />
| |
− | have roughly half the power density of crystalline module<br />
| |
− | | |
− | types, and other than a couple of companies that combine two<br />
| |
− | smaller thin-film modules together, no framed thin-film modules<br />
| |
− | rated at more than 100 watts at STC are available in the United<br />
| |
− | States. UniSolar manufactures flexible roof laminates that are<br />
| |
− | adhered to standing-seam metal roofing. Depending on their<br />
| |
− | length, they may generate more than 100 watts per laminate.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | An interesting note is that Sanyo manufactures modules that<br />
| |
− | combine monocrystalline cells with layers of thin-film material,<br />
| |
− | which enables the modules to use a wider range of the sun’s light<br />
| |
− | spectrum.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Cell Size (inches)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Definition:</b> Indication of relative cell size.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Importance:</b> The voltage of PV cells is relatively consistent no<br />
| |
− | matter what their size, while cell current directly correlates to cell<br />
| |
− | area. Roofs with limited space may benefit from modules with<br />
| |
− | | |
− | smaller cells to increase series string voltage to match a specific<br />
| |
− | inverter. Modules with larger cells are well suited for high-power<br />
| |
− | commercial installations.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Cells in Series
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Definition:</b> Number of individual PV cells wired in series to<br />
| |
− | | |
− | generate the module design voltage.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Importance:</b> Module voltage increases as additional cells<br />
| |
− | are wired in series. Historically, module design voltage was
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | based on recharging a battery bank of a specific voltage<br />
| |
− | (typically multiples of 12 volts nominal). Today, most PV<br />
| |
− | | |
− | systems operate at high voltages (up to 600 VDC), are grid<br />
| |
− | connected, and use inverters and charge controllers that<br />
| |
− | optimize array output over a wide voltage range. As a result,<br />
| |
− | some modules have a maximum power voltage (based on<br />
| |
− | the number of cells in series) that will not be compatible with<br />
| |
− | systems using non-maximum power point tracking (MPPT)<br />
| |
− | | |
− | charge controllers.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Cells in Series per Bypass Diode
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Definition:</b> Bypass diodes provide an alternate path for electricity<br />
| |
− | to flow if a portion of a module is shaded. A certain number of<br />
| |
− | cells in series are configured with bypass diodes wired in parallel<br />
| |
− | | |
− | between series strings.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Importance:</b> Poorly designed arrays may operate near the<br />
| |
− | bottom of the voltage-tracking window of a batteryless inverter.<br />
| |
− | In this instance, module shading can cause the array voltage<br />
| |
− | to drop below the minimum inverter voltage threshold, and<br />
| |
− | | |
− | power output will cease until the array is again sufficiently<br />
| |
− | illuminated. Bypass diodes allow nonshaded cell series strings<br />
| |
− | within a module to continue to generate electricity if another<br />
| |
− | series string within the same module is shaded, keeping<br />
| |
− | the array voltage as high as possible to keep the system<br />
| |
− | functioning.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Maximum Power Voltage (Vmp)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Definition:</b> The voltage generated by a PV module or array<br />
| |
− | when exposed to sunlight and connected to a load—typically a<br />
| |
− | batteryless inverter or a charge controller and battery.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Importance:</b> Batteryless inverters have a range in which they<br />
| |
− | track and optimize the output of a PV array as its voltage and<br />
| |
− | current vary throughout the day. The maximum power voltage of<br />
| |
− | an array should be designed to stay within the tracking window<br />
| |
− | of your inverter or MPPT charge controller.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Courtesy www.suntech-power.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Manufacturer
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Model
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Rated<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Power at<br />
| |
− | STC (W)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Rated<br />
| |
− | Power<br />
| |
− | Tolerance<br />
| |
− | (%)
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Rated<br />
| |
− | Power<br />
| |
− | Per Sq.<br />
| |
− | Ft. (W)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Module<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Efficiency<br />
| |
− | (%)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Length<br />
| |
− | (In.)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Width<br />
| |
− | | |
− | (In.)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Depth<br />
| |
− | (In.)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Weight<br />
| |
− | (Lbs.)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Series Fuse<br />
| |
− | Rating<br />
| |
− | (Amps)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Connector<br />
| |
− | Type
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Materials<br />
| |
− | Warranty<br />
| |
− | (Yrs.)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Power<br />
| |
− | Warranty<br />
| |
− | | |
− | (Yrs.)<br />
| |
− | 90%/80%
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Cell Type
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Cell<br />
| |
− | Size<br />
| |
− | | |
− | (In.)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Cells in<br />
| |
− | Series
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Cells in<br />
| |
− | Series per<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Bypass<br />
| |
− | Diode
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Max.<br />
| |
− | Power<br />
| |
− | Voltage<br />
| |
− | (Vmp)
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Max.<br />
| |
− | Power<br />
| |
− | Current<br />
| |
− | (Imp)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Open-<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Circuit<br />
| |
− | Voltage<br />
| |
− | (Voc)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Short-<br />
| |
− | Circuit<br />
| |
− | Current<br />
| |
− | | |
− | (Isc)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Max. Power<br />
| |
− | Temp.<br />
| |
− | Coefficient<br />
| |
− | (%/Deg. C)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Open-Circuit<br />
| |
− | Voltage Temp.<br />
| |
− | Coefficient<br />
| |
− | (mV/Deg. C)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Short-Circuit<br />
| |
− | Current Temp.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Coefficient<br />
| |
− | (mA/Deg. C)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Advent<br />
| |
− | Solar
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Advent 200
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 200
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 66.14
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.98
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 7.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.52
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -126
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.07
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Advent 205
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 205
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 66.14
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.98
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NA
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 8.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.52
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -126
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.12
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Advent 210
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 210
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 66.14
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.98
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.52
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -126
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Advent 215
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 215
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 66.14
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.98
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | NA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 60
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.52
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -127
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.22
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Advent 220
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 220
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.2
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 66.14
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.98
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 29.1
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.52
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -129
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.28
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Advent 225
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 225
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 66.14
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.98
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | NA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 29.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36.0
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.52
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -130
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.35
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Advent 230
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 230
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 13.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 66.14
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.98
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 29.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.52
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -131
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.37
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Advent 235
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 235
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 14.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 66.14
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 38.98
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 29.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 36.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.52
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -131
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.41
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Advent 240
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 240
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 14.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 66.14
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.98
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -0.52
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -132
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.43
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>BP Solar
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | BP 3115J
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 115
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 59.45
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.54
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.64
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | J-Box
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 21.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.88
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | BP 3125J
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 125
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 59.45
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.54
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.64
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | J-Box
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 22.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.27
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | SX 3140J
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 140
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-9.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.8
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 59.45
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.54
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.64
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | J-Box
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 22.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.33
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SX 165B
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 165
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | +/-9.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.10
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.88
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 44.2
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -160
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.32
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | SX 170 I
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 170
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-9.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 13.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.61
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.88
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 35.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 44.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -160
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.43
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | BP 170 I
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 170
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 32.61
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.88
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 43.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -160
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.43
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | BP 170 B
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 170
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 33.88
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 43.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -160
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.43
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SX 175B
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 175
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-9.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.88
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 44.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -160
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 3.45
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | BP 175 B
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 175
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.9
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.88
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 43.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -160
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.45
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | BP 175 I
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 175
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.48
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.61
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.88
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.9
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 43.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -160
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.45
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | BP 4175 B
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 175
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 12.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.88
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 43.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -160
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.54
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | BP 4175 I
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 175
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 62.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.61
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.88
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 4.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 43.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -160
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.54
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | BP 4180 B
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 180
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 14.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.88
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 43.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 5.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -160
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.64
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | BP 4180 I
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 180
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 14.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.61
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.88
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 43.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -160
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.64
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SX 3190 N, B
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 190
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-9.0
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 66.14
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.95
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 37.84
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -111
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.53
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | SX 3195 N, B
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 195
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-9.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.9
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 66.14
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.95
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 37.84
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24.4
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -111
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.59
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SX 3200 B, W
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 200
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | +/-9.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 66.14
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.95
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 37.84
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.8
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -111
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.66
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | BP 3200 B, W
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 200
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 13.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 66.14
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.95
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 37.84
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 24.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -111
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.66
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Canadian<br />
| |
− | Solar
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | CS5A-170
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 170
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.3
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.54
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.57
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.17
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.4
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 43.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -158
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | CS6A-175
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 175
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 52.13
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.66
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.57
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.27
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 16
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 23.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.8
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -105
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.33
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | CS6A-180
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 180
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 13.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 52.13
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.66
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.57
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.27
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 16
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 23.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.30
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -105
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.47
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | CS5A-180
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 180
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 14.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 31.54
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.57
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.17
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 43.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -158
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.70
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | CS6A-185
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 185
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 14.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 52.13
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.66
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.57
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 35.27
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 16
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 23.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -0.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -105
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.62
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | CS5P-210
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 210
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 63.07
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 41.77
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.57
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 44.09
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 96
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 46.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 57.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -208
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 3.23
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | CS6P-210
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 210
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.1
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 64.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.66
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.57
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 40.79
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -131
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | CS5P-220
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 220
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 63.07
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 41.77
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.57
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 44.09
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 96
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 46.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.7
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 57.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -208
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | CS6P-220
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 220
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 12.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 64.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.66
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.57
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 40.79
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 29.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.3
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -131
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | CS5P-230
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 230
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 63.07
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 41.77
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.57
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 44.09
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 96
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 46.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 4.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 58.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -208
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.51
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Day4<br />
| |
− | Energy
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Day4 36MC 115
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 115
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 57.70
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.59
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.44
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solarlok
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 16.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.9
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 21.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -110
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Day4 36MC 120
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 120
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 11.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 57.70
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.59
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.44
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solarlok
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 21.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.7
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -110
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Day4 36MC 125
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 125
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 57.70
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.59
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.44
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solarlok
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 7.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 21.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -110
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Day4 36MC 130
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 130
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 57.70
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.59
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.44
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solarlok
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 21.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 8.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -110
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Day4 36MC 135
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 135
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 57.70
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.59
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.44
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solarlok
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 22.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -110
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Day4 36MC 140
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 140
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 14.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 57.70
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.59
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.44
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solarlok
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 22.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -110
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Day4 36MC 145
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 145
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 14.6
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 57.70
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.59
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.44
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solarlok
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18.2
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 22.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -110
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Day4 48MC 160
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 160
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | +/-3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 51.46
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 39.01
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.28
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solarlok
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 22.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.3
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -110
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Day4 48MC 165
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 165
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 12.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 51.46
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 39.01
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.28
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solarlok
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 23.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -110
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Day4 48MC 170
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 170
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 51.46
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 39.01
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.28
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solarlok
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 23.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 28.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -110
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.80
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Day4 48MC 175
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 175
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 51.46
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 39.01
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 38.28
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solarlok
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 23.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 29.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -110
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Day4 48MC 180
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 180
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 51.46
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 39.01
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.28
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Solarlok
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 23.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 29.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -110
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 7.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Day4 48MC 185
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 185
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.3
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 14.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 51.46
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 39.01
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.28
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solarlok
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 23.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 29.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -110
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Day4 48MC 190
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 190
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 14.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 51.46
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 39.01
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.28
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solarlok
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.9
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 29.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -110
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Evergreen
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ES-170
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 170
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | +4.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 61.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 37.50
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 40.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly Ribbon6 x 3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 108
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 25.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.6
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -112
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ES-180
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 180
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +4.0/-2.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 61.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 37.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 40.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly Ribbon6 x 3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 108
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 25.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 32.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -112
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.60
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ES-190
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 190
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +4.0/-2.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 61.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 37.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 40.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly Ribbon6 x 3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 108
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -113
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ES-195
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 195
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +2.5/-0.0
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 61.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 37.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 40.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly Ribbon6 x 3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 108
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 27.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -114
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>GE
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | GEPVc-170-MS
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 170
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.40
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solarlok
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36.5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 43.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.37
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -150
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | GEPVp-200-MS
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 200
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 58.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.60
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.40
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 39.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solarlok
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 54
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.9
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -120
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Kyocera
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | KC130TM
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 130
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 13.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 14.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 56.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 25.70
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2.20
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.90
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | J-Box
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 21.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.0
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -82
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | KC130GT
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 130
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 14.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 56.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 25.70
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.40
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.90
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 7.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 21.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -82
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | KC175 GT
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 175
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 39.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 1.40
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 16
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 23.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 29.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 8.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -109
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | KC200GT
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 200
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 14.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 56.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 39.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.40
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 40.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 54
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -123
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | home power 121 / october & november 2007
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 74
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | PV buyer’s guide
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Notes: a-Si = Amorphous silicon • Poly = Polycrystalline • Mono = Monocrystalline • MC = Multi-Contact • J-Box = Junction box • NA = Not available
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Manufacturer
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Model
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Rated<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Power at<br />
| |
− | STC (W)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Rated<br />
| |
− | Power<br />
| |
− | Tolerance<br />
| |
− | (%)
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Rated<br />
| |
− | Power<br />
| |
− | Per Sq.<br />
| |
− | Ft. (W)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Module<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Efficiency<br />
| |
− | (%)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Length<br />
| |
− | (In.)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Width<br />
| |
− | | |
− | (In.)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Depth<br />
| |
− | (In.)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Weight<br />
| |
− | (Lbs.)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Series Fuse<br />
| |
− | Rating<br />
| |
− | (Amps)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Connector<br />
| |
− | Type
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Materials<br />
| |
− | Warranty<br />
| |
− | (Yrs.)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Power<br />
| |
− | Warranty<br />
| |
− | | |
− | (Yrs.)<br />
| |
− | 90%/80%
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Cell Type
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Cell<br />
| |
− | Size<br />
| |
− | | |
− | (In.)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Cells in<br />
| |
− | Series
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Cells in<br />
| |
− | Series per<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Bypass<br />
| |
− | Diode
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Max.<br />
| |
− | Power<br />
| |
− | Voltage<br />
| |
− | (Vmp)
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Max.<br />
| |
− | Power<br />
| |
− | Current<br />
| |
− | (Imp)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Open-<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Circuit<br />
| |
− | Voltage<br />
| |
− | (Voc)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Short-<br />
| |
− | Circuit<br />
| |
− | Current<br />
| |
− | | |
− | (Isc)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Max. Power<br />
| |
− | Temp.<br />
| |
− | Coefficient<br />
| |
− | (%/Deg. C)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Open-Circuit<br />
| |
− | Voltage Temp.<br />
| |
− | Coefficient<br />
| |
− | (mV/Deg. C)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Short-Circuit<br />
| |
− | Current Temp.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Coefficient<br />
| |
− | (mA/Deg. C)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Advent<br />
| |
− | Solar
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Advent 200
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 200
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 66.14
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.98
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 7.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.52
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -126
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.07
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Advent 205
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 205
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 66.14
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.98
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NA
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 8.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.52
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -126
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.12
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Advent 210
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 210
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 66.14
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.98
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.52
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -126
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Advent 215
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 215
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 66.14
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.98
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | NA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 60
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.52
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -127
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.22
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Advent 220
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 220
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.2
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 66.14
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.98
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 29.1
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.52
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -129
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.28
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Advent 225
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 225
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 66.14
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.98
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | NA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 29.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36.0
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.52
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -130
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.35
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Advent 230
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 230
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 13.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 66.14
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.98
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 29.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.52
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -131
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.37
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Advent 235
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 235
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 14.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 66.14
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 38.98
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 29.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 36.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.52
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -131
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.41
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Advent 240
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 240
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 14.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 66.14
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.98
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -0.52
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -132
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.43
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>BP Solar
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | BP 3115J
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 115
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 59.45
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.54
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.64
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | J-Box
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 21.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.88
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | BP 3125J
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 125
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 59.45
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.54
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.64
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | J-Box
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 22.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.27
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | SX 3140J
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 140
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-9.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.8
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 59.45
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.54
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.64
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | J-Box
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 22.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.33
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SX 165B
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 165
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | +/-9.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.10
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.88
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 44.2
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -160
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.32
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | SX 170 I
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 170
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-9.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 13.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.61
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.88
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 35.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 44.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -160
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.43
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | BP 170 I
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 170
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 32.61
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.88
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 43.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -160
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.43
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | BP 170 B
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 170
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 33.88
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 43.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -160
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.43
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SX 175B
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 175
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-9.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.88
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 44.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -160
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 3.45
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | BP 175 B
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 175
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.9
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.88
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 43.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -160
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.45
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | BP 175 I
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 175
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.48
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.61
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.88
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.9
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 43.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -160
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.45
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | BP 4175 B
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 175
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 12.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.88
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 43.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -160
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.54
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | BP 4175 I
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 175
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 62.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.61
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.88
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 4.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 43.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -160
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.54
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | BP 4180 B
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 180
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 14.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.88
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 43.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 5.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -160
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.64
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | BP 4180 I
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 180
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 14.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.61
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.88
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 43.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -160
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.64
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SX 3190 N, B
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 190
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-9.0
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 66.14
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.95
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 37.84
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -111
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.53
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | SX 3195 N, B
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 195
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-9.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.9
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 66.14
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.95
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 37.84
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24.4
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -111
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.59
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SX 3200 B, W
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 200
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | +/-9.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 66.14
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.95
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 37.84
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.8
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -111
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.66
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | BP 3200 B, W
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 200
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 13.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 66.14
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.95
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.97
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 37.84
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10, 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 24.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -111
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.66
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Canadian<br />
| |
− | Solar
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | CS5A-170
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 170
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.3
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.54
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.57
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.17
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.4
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 43.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -158
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | CS6A-175
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 175
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 52.13
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.66
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.57
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.27
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 16
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 23.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.8
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -105
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.33
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | CS6A-180
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 180
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 13.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 52.13
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.66
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.57
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.27
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 16
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 23.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.30
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -105
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.47
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | CS5A-180
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 180
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 14.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 31.54
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.57
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.17
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 43.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -158
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.70
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | CS6A-185
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 185
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 14.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 52.13
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.66
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.57
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 35.27
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 16
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 23.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -0.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -105
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.62
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | CS5P-210
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 210
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 63.07
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 41.77
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.57
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 44.09
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 96
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 46.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 57.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -208
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 3.23
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | CS6P-210
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 210
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.1
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 64.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.66
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.57
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 40.79
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -131
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | CS5P-220
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 220
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 63.07
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 41.77
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.57
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 44.09
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 96
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 46.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.7
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 57.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -208
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | CS6P-220
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 220
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 12.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 64.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.66
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.57
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 40.79
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 29.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.3
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -131
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | CS5P-230
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 230
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 63.07
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 41.77
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.57
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 44.09
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 96
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 46.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 4.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 58.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -208
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.51
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Day4<br />
| |
− | Energy
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Day4 36MC 115
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 115
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 57.70
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.59
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.44
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solarlok
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 16.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.9
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 21.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -110
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Day4 36MC 120
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 120
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 11.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 57.70
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.59
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.44
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solarlok
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 21.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.7
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -110
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Day4 36MC 125
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 125
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 57.70
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.59
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.44
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solarlok
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 7.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 21.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -110
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Day4 36MC 130
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 130
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 57.70
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.59
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.44
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solarlok
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 21.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 8.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -110
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Day4 36MC 135
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 135
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 57.70
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.59
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.44
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solarlok
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 22.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -110
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Day4 36MC 140
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 140
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 14.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 57.70
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.59
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.44
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solarlok
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 22.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -110
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Day4 36MC 145
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 145
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 14.6
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 57.70
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.59
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.44
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solarlok
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18.2
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 22.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -110
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Day4 48MC 160
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 160
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | +/-3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 51.46
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 39.01
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.28
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solarlok
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 22.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.3
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -110
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Day4 48MC 165
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 165
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 12.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 51.46
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 39.01
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.28
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solarlok
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 23.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -110
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Day4 48MC 170
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 170
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 51.46
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 39.01
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.28
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solarlok
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 23.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 28.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -110
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.80
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Day4 48MC 175
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 175
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 51.46
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 39.01
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 38.28
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solarlok
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 23.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 29.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -110
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Day4 48MC 180
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 180
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 51.46
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 39.01
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.28
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Solarlok
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 23.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 29.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -110
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 7.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Day4 48MC 185
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 185
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.3
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 14.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 51.46
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 39.01
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.28
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solarlok
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 23.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 29.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -110
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Day4 48MC 190
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 190
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 14.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 51.46
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 39.01
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.28
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solarlok
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.9
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 29.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -110
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Evergreen
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ES-170
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 170
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | +4.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 61.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 37.50
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 40.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly Ribbon6 x 3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 108
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 25.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.6
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -112
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ES-180
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 180
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +4.0/-2.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 61.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 37.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 40.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly Ribbon6 x 3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 108
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 25.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 32.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -112
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.60
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ES-190
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 190
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +4.0/-2.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 61.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 37.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 40.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly Ribbon6 x 3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 108
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -113
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ES-195
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 195
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +2.5/-0.0
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 61.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 37.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 40.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly Ribbon6 x 3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 108
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 27.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -114
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>GE
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | GEPVc-170-MS
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 170
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.40
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solarlok
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36.5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 43.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.37
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -150
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | GEPVp-200-MS
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 200
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 58.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.60
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.40
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 39.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solarlok
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 54
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.9
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -120
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Kyocera
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | KC130TM
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 130
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 13.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 14.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 56.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 25.70
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2.20
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.90
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | J-Box
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 21.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.0
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -82
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | KC130GT
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 130
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 14.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 56.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 25.70
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.40
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.90
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 7.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 21.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -82
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | KC175 GT
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 175
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 39.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 1.40
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 16
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 23.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 29.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 8.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -109
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | KC200GT
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 200
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 14.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 56.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 39.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.40
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 40.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 54
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -123
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www</i>.homepower.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | PV buyer’s guide
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 75
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Manufacturer
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Model
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Rated<br />
| |
− | Power at<br />
| |
− | | |
− | STC (W)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Rated<br />
| |
− | Power<br />
| |
− | Tolerance<br />
| |
− | (%)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Rated<br />
| |
− | Power<br />
| |
− | Per Sq.<br />
| |
− | Ft. (W)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Module<br />
| |
− | Efficiency<br />
| |
− | | |
− | (%)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Length<br />
| |
− | (In.)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Width<br />
| |
− | (In.)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Depth<br />
| |
− | (In.)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Weight<br />
| |
− | (Lbs.)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Series Fuse<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Rating<br />
| |
− | (Amps)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Connector<br />
| |
− | Type
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Materials<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Warranty<br />
| |
− | (Yrs.)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Power<br />
| |
− | Warranty<br />
| |
− | (Yrs.)<br />
| |
− | 90%/80%
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Cell Type
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Cell<br />
| |
− | Size<br />
| |
− | (In.)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Cells in<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Series
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Cells in<br />
| |
− | Series per<br />
| |
− | Bypass<br />
| |
− | Diode
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Max.<br />
| |
− | Power<br />
| |
− | Voltage<br />
| |
− | (Vmp)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Max.<br />
| |
− | Power<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Current<br />
| |
− | (Imp)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Open-<br />
| |
− | Circuit<br />
| |
− | Voltage<br />
| |
− | (Voc)
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Short-<br />
| |
− | Circuit<br />
| |
− | Current<br />
| |
− | (Isc)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Max. Power<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Temp.<br />
| |
− | Coefficient<br />
| |
− | (%/Deg. C)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Open-Circuit<br />
| |
− | Voltage Temp.<br />
| |
− | Coefficient<br />
| |
− | | |
− | (mV/Deg. C)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Short-Circuit<br />
| |
− | Current Temp.<br />
| |
− | Coefficient<br />
| |
− | (mA/Deg. C)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Mitsubishi
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | PV-UE115MF5N
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 115
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10.6
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 58.90
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 29.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 21.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.45
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -74
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.08
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | PV-UE120MF5N
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 120
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 58.90
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 29.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.0
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 21.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.45
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -74
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.16
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | PV-UE125MF5N
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 125
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 11.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 58.90
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 29.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 21.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.9
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.45
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -75
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | PV-UE130MF5N
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 130
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 58.90
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 29.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 7.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 21.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.45
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -75
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.32
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | PV-UD175MF5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 175
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 65.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 37.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.25
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 23.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 7.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.45
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -104
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.26
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | PV-UD180MF5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 180
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 65.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 37.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.45
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -105
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.31
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | PV-UD185MF5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 185
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 65.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 37.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 1.25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.45
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -105
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.37
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | PV-UD190MF5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 190
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.7
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 65.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 37.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24.7
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.45
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -106
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.42
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Sanyo*
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | HIP-180BA3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 180
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 14.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 51.90
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.40
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.86
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono, a-Si
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 96
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 54.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.3
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 66.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.33
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -173
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | HIP-186BA3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 186
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 14.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 51.90
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.40
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.86
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono, a-Si
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 96
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 54.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 67.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.7
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -168
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 0.85
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | HIP-190BA3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 190
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 16.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 51.90
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.40
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.86
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono, a-Si
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 96
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 54.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 67.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -169
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 0.86
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | HIP-195BA3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 195
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 16.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 51.90
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 1.40
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.86
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono, a-Si
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 96
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 55.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 68.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 3.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -170
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 0.87
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | HIP-200BA3
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 200
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 51.90
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.40
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.86
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono, a-Si
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 96
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 55.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 68.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.29
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -172
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 0.88
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | HIP-205BA3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 205
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 16.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 51.90
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.40
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.86
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono, a-Si
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 96
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 56.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 68.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.29
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -172
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 0.88
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Schott
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ASE-250-DGF/50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 250
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-4.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 9.6
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 74.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 107.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 10 / 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 108
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 48.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 60.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.47
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -229
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ASE-270-DGF/50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 270
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-4.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 74.50
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 107.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 108
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 49.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 61.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.47
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -233
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ASE-300-DFG/50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 300
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-4.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 11.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 74.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2.00
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 107.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 108
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 63.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.47
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -240
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Schuco
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | S 130-SP
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 130
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +5.0/-0.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 13.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 49.13
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.61
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 27.56
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 40
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 19.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -88
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | S 165-SP
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 165
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | +5.0/-0.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 31.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.17
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 30.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -111
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.19
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | S 165-SPU
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 165
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 34.17
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -111
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.19
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | S 170-SPU
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 170
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.17
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -111
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 4.19
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Sharp
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ND-L3EJEA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 123
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 59.02
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.06
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.86
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | J-Box
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 21.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | ND-L5E1U
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 125
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.6
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 59.02
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.06
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.86
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.2
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 21.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ND-N2ECU
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 142
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 45.87
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.98
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.96
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 42
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 21
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24.9
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -84
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.16
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | ND-162U1F
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 162
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 12.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 51.90
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 39.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36.40
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 16
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 22.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -96
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ND-167U1F
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 167
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 51.90
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 39.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36.40
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 16
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 23.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 29.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -96
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.20
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NE-170U1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 170
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.01
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.52
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 37.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 43.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -144
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NT-180U1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 180
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 37.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 44.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -144
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 1.68
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ND-181U1F
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 181
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.4
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 58.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 39.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2.26
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 39.60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 54
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 25.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -108
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.16
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ND-187U1F
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 187
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 58.70
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 39.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2.26
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 39.60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 54
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 25.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.3
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -108
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ND-200U1F
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 200
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 11.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 64.60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 39.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 46.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.9
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -120
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.16
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ND-208U1F
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 208
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 64.60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 39.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 46.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 7.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -120
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>SolarWorld
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SW 155 - Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 155
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 63.39
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 31.89
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.34
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 43.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.35
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -145
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.40
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SW 165 - Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 165
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 63.39
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.89
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.34
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 33.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 44.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -0.35
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -145
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.40
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SW 175 - Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 175
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 63.39
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.89
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.34
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 44.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.35
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -145
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 1.40
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>SunPower
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SPR-205-BLK
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 205
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 16.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 61.39
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.42
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 40.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 47.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -137
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | SPR-210-WHT
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 210
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 16.9
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 61.39
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.42
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 40.0
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 47.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -137
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SPR-315-WHT
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 315
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 19.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 61.39
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 41.18
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 53.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 96
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24/48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 54.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 64.6
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -177
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Suntech<br />
| |
− | Power
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | STP 160S-24/Ab-1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 160
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.17
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 43.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -150
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 0.87
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | STP 160-24/Ab-1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 160
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.17
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.4
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 43.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.47
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -150
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | STP 165S-24/Ab-1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 165
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.81
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.17
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 43.6
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -150
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 0.87
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | STP 165-24/Ab-1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 165
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 12.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.17
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 34.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 43.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.47
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -150
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | STP170S-24/Ab-1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 170
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 31.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.17
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 43.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -150
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 0.87
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | STP170-24/Ab-1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 170
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 34.17
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 43.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -0.47
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -150
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | STP 175S-24/Ab-1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 175
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.17
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 44.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -150
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 0.87
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | STP175-24/Ab-1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 175
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.7
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.17
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 44.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.47
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -150
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | STP180S-24/Ab-1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 180
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 14.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.20
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.17
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.1
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 44.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -150
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 0.87
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | STP180-24/Ab-1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 180
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 13.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 14.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.17
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 44.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.4
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.47
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -150
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Sunwize
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | SW100C
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 100
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 9.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 15.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 56.93
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 25.43
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.34
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.00
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | J-Box
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NA / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8 x 3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 23.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -143
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.39
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SW115
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 115
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 56.93
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 25.43
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.34
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | J-Box
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NA / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 16.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 21.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -105
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.01
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SW120
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 120
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 56.93
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 25.43
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.34
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 26.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | J-Box
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NA / 25
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 16.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 21.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -105
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SW150
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 150
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 66.61
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.27
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.65
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 44.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NA / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8 x 3.5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 42.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -210
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 3.99
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SW155
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 155
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.1
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 66.61
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.27
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.65
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 44.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | NA / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8 x 3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 42.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -210
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.12
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SW160
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 160
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 66.61
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.27
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.65
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 44.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NA / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 8 x 3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.8
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 42.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -210
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Yingli
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | YL 120 (17)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 120
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 51.90
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.80
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.45
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.40
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | N/A
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | J-Box
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 22.0
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.45
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | home power 121 / october & november 2007
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 76
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | PV buyer’s guide
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Notes: a-Si = Amorphous silicon • Poly = Polycrystalline • Mono = Monocrystalline • MC = Multi-Contact • J-Box = Junction box • NA = Not available
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | *Also available: Sanyo’s DA3 series (double-sided) modules, which generate up to 130% of rated wattage at STC in certain conditions
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Manufacturer
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Model
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Rated<br />
| |
− | Power at<br />
| |
− | | |
− | STC (W)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Rated<br />
| |
− | Power<br />
| |
− | Tolerance<br />
| |
− | (%)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Rated<br />
| |
− | Power<br />
| |
− | Per Sq.<br />
| |
− | Ft. (W)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Module<br />
| |
− | Efficiency<br />
| |
− | | |
− | (%)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Length<br />
| |
− | (In.)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Width<br />
| |
− | (In.)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Depth<br />
| |
− | (In.)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Weight<br />
| |
− | (Lbs.)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Series Fuse<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Rating<br />
| |
− | (Amps)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Connector<br />
| |
− | Type
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Materials<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Warranty<br />
| |
− | (Yrs.)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Power<br />
| |
− | Warranty<br />
| |
− | (Yrs.)<br />
| |
− | 90%/80%
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Cell Type
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Cell<br />
| |
− | Size<br />
| |
− | (In.)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Cells in<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Series
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Cells in<br />
| |
− | Series per<br />
| |
− | Bypass<br />
| |
− | Diode
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Max.<br />
| |
− | Power<br />
| |
− | Voltage<br />
| |
− | (Vmp)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Max.<br />
| |
− | Power<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Current<br />
| |
− | (Imp)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Open-<br />
| |
− | Circuit<br />
| |
− | Voltage<br />
| |
− | (Voc)
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Short-<br />
| |
− | Circuit<br />
| |
− | Current<br />
| |
− | (Isc)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Max. Power<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Temp.<br />
| |
− | Coefficient<br />
| |
− | (%/Deg. C)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Open-Circuit<br />
| |
− | Voltage Temp.<br />
| |
− | Coefficient<br />
| |
− | | |
− | (mV/Deg. C)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Short-Circuit<br />
| |
− | Current Temp.<br />
| |
− | Coefficient<br />
| |
− | (mA/Deg. C)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Mitsubishi
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | PV-UE115MF5N
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 115
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10.6
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 58.90
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 29.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 21.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.45
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -74
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.08
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | PV-UE120MF5N
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 120
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 58.90
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 29.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.0
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 21.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.45
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -74
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.16
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | PV-UE125MF5N
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 125
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 11.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 58.90
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 29.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 21.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.9
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.45
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -75
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | PV-UE130MF5N
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 130
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 58.90
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 29.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 7.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 21.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.45
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -75
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.32
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | PV-UD175MF5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 175
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 65.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 37.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.25
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 23.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 7.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.45
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -104
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.26
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | PV-UD180MF5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 180
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 65.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 37.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.45
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -105
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.31
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | PV-UD185MF5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 185
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 65.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 37.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 1.25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.45
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -105
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.37
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | PV-UD190MF5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 190
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.7
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 65.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 37.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24.7
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.45
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -106
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.42
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Sanyo*
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | HIP-180BA3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 180
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 14.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 51.90
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.40
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.86
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono, a-Si
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 96
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 54.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.3
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 66.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.33
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -173
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | HIP-186BA3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 186
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 14.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 51.90
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.40
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.86
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono, a-Si
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 96
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 54.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 67.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.7
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -168
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 0.85
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | HIP-190BA3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 190
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 16.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 51.90
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.40
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.86
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono, a-Si
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 96
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 54.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 67.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -169
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 0.86
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | HIP-195BA3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 195
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 16.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 51.90
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 1.40
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.86
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono, a-Si
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 96
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 55.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 68.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 3.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -170
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 0.87
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | HIP-200BA3
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 200
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 51.90
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.40
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.86
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono, a-Si
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 96
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 55.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 68.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.29
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -172
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 0.88
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | HIP-205BA3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 205
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 16.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 51.90
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.40
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.86
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono, a-Si
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 96
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 56.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 68.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.29
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -172
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 0.88
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Schott
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ASE-250-DGF/50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 250
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-4.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 9.6
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 74.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 107.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 10 / 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 108
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 48.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 60.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.47
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -229
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ASE-270-DGF/50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 270
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-4.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 74.50
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 107.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 108
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 49.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 61.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.47
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -233
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ASE-300-DFG/50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 300
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-4.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 11.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 74.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2.00
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 107.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 108
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 63.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.47
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -240
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Schuco
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | S 130-SP
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 130
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +5.0/-0.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 13.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 49.13
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.61
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 27.56
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 40
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 19.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -88
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.80
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | S 165-SP
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 165
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | +5.0/-0.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 31.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.17
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 30.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -111
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.19
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | S 165-SPU
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 165
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 34.17
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -111
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.19
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | S 170-SPU
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 170
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.17
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -111
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 4.19
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Sharp
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ND-L3EJEA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 123
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 59.02
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.06
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.86
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | J-Box
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 21.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | ND-L5E1U
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 125
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.6
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 59.02
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.06
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.86
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.2
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 21.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ND-N2ECU
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 142
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 45.87
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 38.98
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.96
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 42
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 21
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24.9
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -84
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.16
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | ND-162U1F
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 162
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 12.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 51.90
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 39.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36.40
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 16
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 22.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -96
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ND-167U1F
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 167
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 51.90
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 39.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36.40
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 16
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 23.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 29.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -96
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.20
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NE-170U1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 170
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.01
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.52
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 37.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 43.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -144
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NT-180U1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 180
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 37.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 44.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -144
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 1.68
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ND-181U1F
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 181
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.4
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 58.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 39.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2.26
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 39.60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 54
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 25.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -108
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.16
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ND-187U1F
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 187
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 58.70
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 39.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2.26
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 39.60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 54
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 25.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.3
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 32.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -108
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ND-200U1F
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 200
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 11.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 64.60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 39.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 46.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.9
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -120
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.16
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ND-208U1F
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 208
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +10.0/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 64.60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 39.10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 46.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 7.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.49
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -120
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>SolarWorld
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SW 155 - Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 155
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 63.39
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 31.89
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.34
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 43.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.35
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -145
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.40
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SW 165 - Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 165
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 63.39
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.89
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.34
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 33.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 44.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -0.35
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -145
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.40
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SW 175 - Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 175
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 63.39
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.89
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.34
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 44.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.35
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -145
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 1.40
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>SunPower
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SPR-205-BLK
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 205
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 16.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 61.39
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.42
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 40.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 47.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -137
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | SPR-210-WHT
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 210
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 16.9
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 61.39
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.42
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 40.0
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 47.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -137
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SPR-315-WHT
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 315
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 19.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 61.39
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 41.18
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 53.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 96
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24/48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 54.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 64.6
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -177
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Suntech<br />
| |
− | Power
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | STP 160S-24/Ab-1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 160
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.17
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 43.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -150
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 0.87
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | STP 160-24/Ab-1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 160
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.17
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.4
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 43.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.47
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -150
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | STP 165S-24/Ab-1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 165
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.81
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.17
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 43.6
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -150
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 0.87
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | STP 165-24/Ab-1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 165
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 12.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.17
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 34.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 43.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.47
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -150
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | STP170S-24/Ab-1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 170
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 31.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.17
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 43.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -150
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 0.87
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | STP170-24/Ab-1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 170
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 34.17
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 43.8
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -0.47
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -150
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | STP 175S-24/Ab-1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 175
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.17
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 44.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -150
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 0.87
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | STP175-24/Ab-1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 175
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.7
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.17
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 44.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.47
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -150
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | STP180S-24/Ab-1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 180
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 14.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.20
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.17
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.1
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 44.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -150
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 0.87
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | STP180-24/Ab-1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 180
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-3.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 13.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 14.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62.20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 31.81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.38
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.17
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 44.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.4
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.47
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -150
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2.30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Sunwize
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | SW100C
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 100
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 9.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 15.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 56.93
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 25.43
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.34
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.00
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | J-Box
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NA / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8 x 3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 48
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 23.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 28.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -143
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.39
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SW115
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 115
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 56.93
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 25.43
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.34
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | J-Box
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NA / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 16.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 21.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -105
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.01
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SW120
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 120
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 56.93
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 25.43
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.34
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 26.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 13
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | J-Box
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NA / 25
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 18
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 16.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 21.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -105
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SW150
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 150
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 66.61
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.27
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.65
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 44.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NA / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8 x 3.5
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 42.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -210
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 3.99
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SW155
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 155
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.1
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 66.61
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.27
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.65
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 44.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | NA / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8 x 3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 42.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -210
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.12
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SW160
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 160
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 11.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 66.61
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.27
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.65
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 44.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | MC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NA / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mono
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 8 x 3.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 72
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 33.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.8
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 42.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -210
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Yingli
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | YL 120 (17)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 120
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | +/-5.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 51.90
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.80
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1.45
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 26.40
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | N/A
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | J-Box
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 / 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Poly
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 36
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 17.5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 6.9
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 22.0
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -0.45
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -81
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.60
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www</i>.homepower.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | PV buyer’s guide
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 77
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | home power 121 / october & november 2007
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 78
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | PV buyer’s guide
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Maximum Power Current (Imp)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Definition:</b> Maximum amperage produced by a module or array<br />
| |
− | | |
− | when exposed to sunlight and connected to a load.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Importance:</b> Maximum power current is one specification used<br />
| |
− | when sizing an array for a given inverter or charge controller.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Open-Circuit Voltage (Voc)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Definition:</b> The maximum voltage generated by a PV module or<br />
| |
− | array when exposed to sunlight with no load (inverter or battery)<br />
| |
− | connected.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Importance:</b> Open-circuit voltage will increase as PV module<br />
| |
− | | |
− | temperature decreases. To eliminate the possibility of<br />
| |
− | overvoltage conditions that will damage most inverters and<br />
| |
− | charge controllers, a maximum Voc calculation based on the<br />
| |
− | coldest historical temperature for a given site is required during<br />
| |
− | system design.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Short Circuit Current (Isc)
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Definition:</b> The amperage generated by a PV module or array<br />
| |
− | when exposed to sunlight with output terminals shorted.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Importance:</b> Modules will not operate at short circuit in the field<br />
| |
− | unless they are incorrectly wired. Using a digital multimeter to<br />
| |
− | | |
− | check the current of an individual module will briefly short the<br />
| |
− | terminals while the measurement is being taken, allowing you<br />
| |
− | to compare the actual output to the manufacturer’s specification<br />
| |
− | during troubleshooting. Additionally, Isc specifications are used<br />
| |
− | for calculating the appropriate amperage rating of overcurrent<br />
| |
− | protection devices.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Maximum Power Temperature Coefficient<br />
| |
− | (% per degree C)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Definition:</b> The change in module output power in percent-per-<br />
| |
− | degree Celsius at temperatures other than 25°C (STC temperature<br />
| |
− | | |
− | rating).
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Importance:</b> Module voltage decreases as cell temperature<br />
| |
− | increases. A maximum power temperature coefficient is one metric<br />
| |
− | that enables you to predict the real-world power output of an array<br />
| |
− | that’s operating at elevated cell temperatures. In hot climates, cell<br />
| |
− | | |
− | temperatures can reach an excess of 70°C (158°F). For example,<br />
| |
− | consider a module maximum power rating of 200 watts at STC, with<br />
| |
− | a temperature coefficient of minus 0.5% per degree C. At 70°C, the<br />
| |
− | actual output of this module would be approximately 155 watts.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Open-Circuit Voltage Temperature Coefficient<br />
| |
− | (mV per degree C)
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Definition:</b> The change in module open-circuit voltage in<br />
| |
− | millivolts per degree Celsius at temperatures other than 25°C<br />
| |
− | (STC temperature rating).
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Importance:</b> Open-circuit voltage will increase as cell temperature<br />
| |
− | | |
− | decreases, based on the 25°C STC reference temperature. In<br />
| |
− | turn, Voc will decrease as cell temperature increases. Applying<br />
| |
− | the open-circuit voltage temperature coefficient is one way to<br />
| |
− | determine absolute maximum Voc at a site’s coldest historical<br />
| |
− | temperature, and allows you to calculate the reduction in module<br />
| |
− | or array voltage at elevated temperatures.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Short-Circuit Current Temperature Coefficient<br />
| |
− | (mA per degree C)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Definition:</b> The change in module short-circuit current in<br />
| |
− | milliamps per degree C at temperatures other than 25°C (STC<br />
| |
− | | |
− | temperature rating).
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Importance:</b> Short-circuit current will increase in varying degrees<br />
| |
− | as cell temperature increases and Voc decreases. This relationship<br />
| |
− | is interesting in terms of module function, but is not particularly<br />
| |
− | relevant in most system designs.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Access
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Joe Schwartz (joe.schwartz@homepower.com), Home Power CEO<br />
| |
− | and executive editor, holds a Renewable Energy Technician license<br />
| |
− | in Oregon. His home and home office are powered exclusively by<br />
| |
− | renewable energy.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Special thanks to <b><i>Home Power</i></b> Technical Assistant Doug Puffer for<br />
| |
− | module specification research and compilation.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Images on pages 70 & 71 (clockwise from upper left): Courtesy of<br />
| |
− | BP Solar (SX 3195 module); Canadian Solar Inc. (CS5A-180 module);<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Advent Solar (240 module); Day4Energy (48MC 190 module).
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Module Manufacturers:
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Advent Solar • www.adventsolar.com<br />
| |
− | BP Solar • www.bpsolar.com<br />
| |
− | Canadian Solar Inc. • www.csisolar.com<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Day4Energy • www.day4energy.com<br />
| |
− | Evergreen • www.evergreensolar.com<br />
| |
− | GE • www.gepower.com/solar<br />
| |
− | Kyocera • www.kyocerasolar.com<br />
| |
− | Mitsubishi • www.mitsubishielectric.com/solar<br />
| |
− | Sanyo • www.sanyo.com<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Schott • www.us.schott.com<br />
| |
− | Schuco • www.schuco-usa.com<br />
| |
− | Sharp • www.solar.sharpusa.com<br />
| |
− | SolarWorld • www.solarworld-usa.com<br />
| |
− | SunPower • www.sunpowercorp.com<br />
| |
− | Suntech Power • www.suntech-power.com<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Sunwize • www.sunwize.com<br />
| |
− | Yingli • www.yinglisolar.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Courtesy www.solarworld-usa.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>It’s how we make the world’s most reliable grid-tied solar inverters.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>When you engineer more and more advanced technology into fewer and fewer parts, reliablity is the end result. It’s just that simple.
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>More reliable products</b>—More uptime, more energy. Products are UL-tested and listed, with a full 10-year nationwide warranty.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>More reliable power</b>—Our products are U.S.-made, designed for the North American environment, with the industry’s leading efficiency.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>More reliable monitoring</b>—Internet-based performance monitoring assures you of optimized system performance and energy harvest.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>More reliable people</b>—Trained and experienced installers and customer service professionals ensure seamless operation, maximum
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | energy harvest, and long product life. <b>Don’t you wish all of life were as simple as that?
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | For more information, contact your PV Powered Dealer/Installer today or visit our website.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>www.pvpowered.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>COMMERCIAL INVERTERS
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>PVP30kW<br />
| |
− | PVP75kW
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>RESIDENTIALINVERTERS
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>PVP5200<br />
| |
− | | |
− | PVP4800<br />
| |
− | PVP4600<br />
| |
− | PVP3500<br />
| |
− | PVP2500
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>WEB-BASED PERFORMANCE<br />
| |
− | MONITORING
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | control board
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | TRANSFORMER
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Inductor
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | POWER BOARD
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Simple!
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Ph 425-374-9060
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>$109<br />
| |
− | MSRP
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>$109<br />
| |
− | | |
− | MSRP
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | PV combiner with space for<br />
| |
− | 6 breakers or 4 fuses<br />
| |
− | Deadfront cover hides wiring<br />
| |
− | Copper bus can be split for two PV systems
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Type 3R aluminum chassis with flip up cover
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Ground bus bar
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | PV negative bus bar
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Accommodates conduit entering<br />
| |
− | bottom, sides, top or back<br />
| |
− | | |
− | ETL listed for US and Canada
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>PV COMBINER
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>PV COMBINER
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>www.midnitesolar.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Why pay for a ten or 12 position PV combiner<br />
| |
− | | |
− | when most systems have a maximum of six<br />
| |
− | strings?
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Deadfrontcover<br />
| |
− | included
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>150VDC
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>MNPV6
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | C
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | M
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Y
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | CM
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MY
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | CY
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | CMY
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | K
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Midnitesolar #121 cheers ad mnpvPage 1 7/19/2007 12:43:14 PM
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>The Powerful Difference
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>No stacking required –<br />
| |
− | 120/240 volt split phase<br />
| |
− | output from one unit
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>And no waiting –<br />
| |
− | Now shipping the MS4448AE
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Why buy two, when one will do?
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>www.magnumenergy.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Phone: 425-353-8833
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Distributors:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Carmanah<br />
| |
− | Technologies Corporation </b>877-722-8877<br />
| |
− | <b>Solatron Technologies
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 888-647-6527
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Wholesale Solar
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 800-472-1142
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>SunWize Technology
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 800-817-6527
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>AEE
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 800-777-6609
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Dealer and distributor inquiries welcome
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Introducing the<br />
| |
− | MS-AE 120/240V Series Inverter/Charger
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | The new, MS-AE 120/240V Series Inverter/Charger from Magnum<br />
| |
− | Energy is a uniquely designed, pure sine wave inverter series that can<br />
| |
− | provide 120/240 volt split phase output in one unit, eliminating the<br />
| |
− | need to stack two units together to produce 240 volts.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | The new MS-AE 120/240V Series comes with all of the<br />
| |
− | comprehensive features that you’ve come to expect from<br />
| |
− | Magnum Energy, including 24 and 48 volt models, the power<br />
| |
− | factor corrected charger, accessible design, convenient switches,<br />
| |
− | 30 amp per leg transfer relay, durable chassis, and ease of installation.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | The only question left is what you’ll do with the extra space.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Also now available:<br />
| |
− | The new MidNite Solar 120/240<br />
| |
− | E-Panel for the MS-AE Series
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | home power 121 / october & november 2007
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 82
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | CHOOSING A CIRCULATOR FOR<br />
| |
− | SOLAR HOT WATER SYSTEMS
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>by Chuck Marken
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Pick the<br />
| |
− | Right Pump
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Some things—the coldest beer or the biggest slice of pizza— are easy to pick, but<br />
| |
− | selecting the right pump for a solar hot water (SHW) system isn’t that simple. Pump<br />
| |
− | choices are numerous—DC or AC powered; bronze, stainless steel, iron, or plastic;<br />
| |
− | high, medium, or low head. But picking the right pump doesn’t have to be a painful<br />
| |
− | | |
− | experience. Here’s some sound advice on how to best match a pump to your SHW<br />
| |
− | system for years of trouble-free service and high performance.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Grundfos 15-18 SU pump. The “S” stands for stainless steel<br />
| |
− | and the “U” is for union (union set shown, extra cost).
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>El-Sid 10 PV, DC pump. Although it may run on a 10-watt PV<br />
| |
− | | |
− | module, this pump is usually coupled with a 20-watt module to<br />
| |
− | make sure it starts in all applications.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Low-Head Pumps
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Pumps used in solar heating systems<br />
| |
− | are called hot water circulators. They<br />
| |
− | | |
− | move fluid through the solar collectors<br />
| |
− | and/or heat exchanger to where the<br />
| |
− | heated fluid can be stored or used. A<br />
| |
− | circulation pump is made up of a motor,<br />
| |
− | impeller, and impeller housing. The<br />
| |
− | motor spins the impeller in the housing<br />
| |
− | | |
− | and, through centrifugal force, moves<br />
| |
− | liquid through a plumbing circuit.<br />
| |
− | Circulation pumps must be primed<br />
| |
− | or wet when they start, as they are<br />
| |
− | not designed to suck liquid into the<br />
| |
− | impeller. Unlike positive-displacement<br />
| |
− | | |
− | pumps, which can lift a fluid from<br />
| |
− | below the pump, circulation pumps<br />
| |
− | must have the impeller housing filled<br />
| |
− | with the circulating fluid at all times.<br />
| |
− | They are used in closed plumbing loops<br />
| |
− | that are always entirely filled, or in<br />
| |
− | | |
− | systems with the pump situated lower<br />
| |
− | than a tank’s water level.<br />
| |
− | Common circulation pumps have<br />
| |
− | maximum service temperatures of<br />
| |
− | about 140°F, but almost all hot water<br />
| |
− | circulators are rated above 200°F. Hot<br />
| |
− | | |
− | water circulators are a must for virtually<br />
| |
− | all active-type solar water heating<br />
| |
− | systems.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Selecting a pump is not difficult—your solar hot water<br />
| |
− | system design will dictate which pumps are suitable, with<br />
| |
− | alternatives falling into three application criteria:
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Pump material<br />
| |
− | • Pump head and flow rate<br />
| |
− | • Power source
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>The Right Materials
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Oxygen is good for us, but bad for iron pumps. Oxygen<br />
| |
− | | |
− | creates a corrosion problem in cast iron pumps, just as steel or<br />
| |
− | iron rusts (oxidizes) when exposed to water and air. The less<br />
| |
− | expensive circulation pumps are made with an iron impeller<br />
| |
− | housing. They are usable in closed-loop systems where little<br />
| |
− | or no oxygenated water exists.<br />
| |
− | But in open and potable water loops, an iron pump will<br />
| |
− | | |
− | corrode, impeding the flow or stopping it completely, often<br />
| |
− | within a few months. Domestic hot water loops need pumps<br />
| |
− | with a bronze, stainless steel, or plastic impeller housing<br />
| |
− | and impeller. These corrosion-resistant materials are also<br />
| |
− | recommended for any drainback system that does not use<br />
| |
− | distilled water as the collector loop fluid.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | The most common domestic hot water (DHW) pumps are<br />
| |
− | bronze or stainless steel but plastic housing DHW pumps also<br />
| |
− | can last for decades. The cost of bronze pumps has increased<br />
| |
− | quite a bit in the last few years with the increase in copper<br />
| |
− | prices. This has made stainless steel pumps more attractive.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Head & Flow
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Depending on their application, pumps must overcome two<br />
| |
− | different types of head—atmospheric and friction. Atmospheric<br />
| |
− | head is the difference in height between the natural level of the<br />
| |
− | liquid when the pump is off, and the height to which the pump<br />
| |
− | needs to push the liquid when the system is operating. The<br />
| |
− | | |
− | pump must develop enough pressure to push the circulating<br />
| |
− | fluid to the top of the loop or, in the case of a drainback solar<br />
| |
− | water heater, to the top of the collectors. If the pump falls short,
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www</i>.homepower.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | pump primer
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 83
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Pick the<br />
| |
− | Right Pump
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Taco 006-B4, domestic hot water pump. Note the 3
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>/4-inch
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>copper solder connections.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Impeller
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Impeller<br />
| |
− | Housing
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Pump<br />
| |
− | Motor
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Capacitor Cover<br />
| |
− | (AC pumps only)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Typical flange pump pieces.
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Flange Set
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Medium-Head Pumps
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | the system will not function. Pumps in a plumbing circuit that<br />
| |
− | always remains full of liquid do not need to overcome any<br />
| |
− | atmospheric head. These kinds of loops include closed-loop<br />
| |
− | | |
− | antifreeze and direct-pump open systems.<br />
| |
− | Friction-head loss is the resistance to flow due to the<br />
| |
− | circulating fluid’s contact with the pipe walls. Frictional<br />
| |
− | head increases with smaller pipe diameter, increased length,<br />
| |
− | changes in direction (like elbows, etc.), and increased flow.<br />
| |
− | Given the details of those factors, frictional head loss can<br />
| |
− | | |
− | be accurately calculated. But normally, those factors are<br />
| |
− | not significant enough to bother calculating in small solar
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | heating systems—except in rare circumstances such as very<br />
| |
− | long piping runs (100 feet or more) with small tubing.<br />
| |
− | The flow rate through solar collectors should meet the<br />
| |
− | manufacturers’ specifications, but there is a good deal of fudge
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | home power 121 / october & november 2007
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 84
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | pump primer
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Installation Notes
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ✔ You can put two pumps in series to double the<br />
| |
− | total head pumped. But beware: Using series or<br />
| |
− | stacked pumps to achieve the head required in some<br />
| |
− | drainback systems can cause big problems. If one<br />
| |
− | pump quits during colder months (and they all quit<br />
| |
− | | |
− | eventually), and the other keeps pumping, it could<br />
| |
− | lift the water just high enough to where it can sit and<br />
| |
− | freeze. The frozen pipe can burst, and then the system<br />
| |
− | could pump all the water in its drainback tank into<br />
| |
− | the attic. This is one reason for the less-than-stellar<br />
| |
− | reputation of drainback systems in some parts of the<br />
| |
− | | |
− | United States. The solutions to this head problem<br />
| |
− | are to raise the drainback tank to a level that will<br />
| |
− | accommodate the head of the chosen pump (see how<br />
| |
− | James Dontje solved this in his article in HP120) or to<br />
| |
− | select a higher-head pump if available.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ✔ Many new pump installations will need a flange set<br />
| |
− | | |
− | or union set to connect the pump to the piping system.<br />
| |
− | Make sure you have the additional parts you need before<br />
| |
− | you start work on the system.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ✔ Installing two pumps in a parallel piping arrangement<br />
| |
− | will increase the flow of the circulating fluid, but will not<br />
| |
− | increase the total head.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ✔ All the SHW pumps mentioned in this article are<br />
| |
− | classified as “fractional horsepower” and don’t require a<br />
| |
− | separate electrical circuit. However, fractional hp pumps<br />
| |
− | do require a disconnect—an appropriately rated switch<br />
| |
− | or breaker or a UL-approved cord and plug connection.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>A Grundfos 15-42 iron pump suitable for most small-<br />
| |
− | and medium-sized antifreeze-type solar water heaters<br />
| |
− | (shown with pump flange set).
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>The March 809-HS magnetic drive, bronze DC pump needs a 50-<br />
| |
− | watt module to pump to its rated 15-foot head. The magnetic<br />
| |
− | | |
− | drive tends to be noisier than other types of pumps.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Head (Ft.)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Flow (GPM)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 35
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 25
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5101520253035404550
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>1 </b>UP 26-116 F; <b>2 </b>UP 26-99 F; <b>3 </b>UP 43-75 F/UP 50-75 F; <b>4 </b>UP 26-96 F;<br />
| |
− | <b>5 </b>UP 26-64 F; <b>6 </b>UP 15-42 F BRUTE II; <b>7 </b>UPS 15-58F/FC (Spd 3);<br />
| |
− | | |
− | <b>8 </b>UP 15-10 F/FR; <b>9 </b>UP 15-100 F; <b>10 </b>UP 26-120 U
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>4
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>2
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>1
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>5
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>3
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>7
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>8
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>96
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>10
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Grundfos AC Pump<br />
| |
− | Performance Curves
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | A pump’s performance under various conditions is shown<br />
| |
− | by its “pump curve.” This performance curve is typically<br />
| |
− | presented as a graph or a table, with selected flow rates given<br />
| |
− | at different pump pressures. The pressure a pump exerts is<br />
| |
− | usually expressed in feet (sometimes decimeters) of head.<br />
| |
− | Feet of head is a more useful way of expressing the pressure<br />
| |
− | | |
− | in real-world circumstances and is used in most pump curves.<br />
| |
− | It can also be expressed in pounds per square inch (psi),<br />
| |
− | where 1 psi equals 2.31 feet of head. In graph form, the head<br />
| |
− | is the vertical axis and the flow is the horizontal axis. As you<br />
| |
− | can see in the example graph (opposite page), as the head<br />
| |
− | decreases, the flow increases.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>AC or DC?
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | One of your final considerations for choosing a pump depends<br />
| |
− | on whether you’re planning to use AC or DC to power it.<br />
| |
− | Both kinds of pumps are available, but the range of available<br />
| |
− | DC pumps is much narrower than for AC. AC pumps have<br />
| |
− | | |
− | an unlimited energy supply if they are powered by a reliable<br />
| |
− | utility grid. DC pumps can be run directly by a PV module and<br />
| |
− | make a solar water heating system independent of the grid.<br />
| |
− | One way to approach the DC and AC pump choice is to<br />
| |
− | examine relative system efficiencies. The efficiency of some<br />
| |
− | heating systems is rated by the relationship of the amount of<br />
| |
− | | |
− | energy output to the energy input. If you have a system that<br />
| |
− | produces a certain amount of heat with half the equivalent<br />
| |
− | electrical input, the “coefficient of performance” (COP) is 2.<br />
| |
− | Produce four times as much hot water as the amount of energy<br />
| |
− | input from electricity and the COP is 4. We can use this same<br />
| |
− | methodology in evaluating the efficiency of SHW pumps.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | pump primer
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 85
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>A Taco 009F high-head iron pump, suitable for most<br />
| |
− | drainback and larger antifreeze systems.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>High-Head Pumps
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | factor here. Solar collector loops will operate efficiently over a<br />
| |
− | wide range of flow rates, but choosing too large a pump can cost<br />
| |
− | more up-front and will use more energy. And an undersized<br />
| |
− | pump without sufficient head in a drainback system is a<br />
| |
− | disaster—the system just won’t work. Collector manufacturers’<br />
| |
− | | |
− | recommended flow rates are usually published in their literature.<br />
| |
− | If not, you can find this information in the OG-100 ratings<br />
| |
− | directory (see Access).
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www</i>.homepower.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Solar Pump Specifications
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>AC Pumps
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>VoltsWatts
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Head<br />
| |
− | Category
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Cutoff<br />
| |
− | Head (Ft.)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Gpm at<br />
| |
− | Head
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Pump<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Material
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Suitable Applications
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Price
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Taco 009F
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 120
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 168
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | High
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5 at 20 ft.Iron
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Drainback or large antifreeze systems
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | $255
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Taco 009B
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 120
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 168
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | High
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 34.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5 at 20 ft.Bronze
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Drainback systems
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 420
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Grundfos 26-96 F
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 120
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 205
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | High
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15 at 14 ft.Iron
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Drainback or large antifreeze systems
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 297
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Grundfos 26-96 BF
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 120
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 205
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | High
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 30.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15 at 14 ft.Bronze
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Drainback or large antifreeze systems
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 325
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Taco 011F
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 120
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 211
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | High
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 30.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15 at 18 ft.Iron
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Drainback or large antifreeze systems
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 273
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Grundfos 15-42 F
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 120
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 85
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Medium
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 16.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 at 9 ft.Iron
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Drainback or large antifreeze systems
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 108
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Taco 008F
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 120
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 95
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Medium
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 16.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 at 8 ft.Iron
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Drainback or large antifreeze systems
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 158
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Taco 008B
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 120
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 95
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Medium
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 16.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10 at 8 ft.Bronze
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Drainback systems
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 319
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Taco 006B
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 120
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 62
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Low
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5 at 5 ft.Bronze
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | DHWb
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | systems
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 179
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Grundfos 15-18 SU
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 120
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 85
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Low
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 5 at 5 ft.Stainless DHWb
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | systems
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 179
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>DC Pumps
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | March 809-BR-HS, 12 VDC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Medium
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15.50
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4 at 8 ft.Bronze
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Drainbacks or large antifreeze systems$228
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | March 809-BR, 12 VDC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Low
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 7.00
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3 at 3 ft.Bronze
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | DHWb
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | systems
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 200
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | El-Sid 20 PV-direct
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20a
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Low
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4.17
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3 at 42 in.Bronze
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | DHWb
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | or small antifreeze systems
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 334
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | El-Sid 10B12
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Low
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.33
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2 at 35 in.Bronze
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | DHWb
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | or hydronic heating systems
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 242
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | El-Sid 10 PV-direct
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10a
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Low
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 3.33
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2 at 35 in.Bronze
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | DHW or small antifreeze systems
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 245
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Note: The El-Sid warranty only covers pumps to temperatures up to 175°F, which could be a problem in collector loops that experience higher temperatures.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | a
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Double the PV wattage when not using water as a heat-transfer fluid; in some cases, even circulating water will require a larger PV module to start the pump<br />
| |
− | reliably. b
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Potable water
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Using a utility-powered AC pump for your solar<br />
| |
− | water heating system will give you a COP between<br />
| |
− | 12 and 25, and this is an excellent value compared to<br />
| |
− | electric water heaters, which have a COP of 1.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | But the COP will never be as good as a DC PV-powered SHW<br />
| |
− | system. DC hot water circulation pumps can have a higher<br />
| |
− | COP than AC pumps because there is no traditional energy<br />
| |
− | input if a PV module powers the system. If you use a solar-<br />
| |
− | electric module to power the pump, your COP is infinite—<br />
| |
− | you’re not adding any input energy. The sun provides<br />
| |
− | | |
− | it all, and you get something for nothing after the initial<br />
| |
− | investment. PV-powered systems are also immune to utility<br />
| |
− | outages. This is a big plus with antifreeze systems, since the<br />
| |
− | collectors can overheat on sunny days if the pump stops<br />
| |
− | operating due to a power failure. An overheated collector can<br />
| |
− | actuate the pressure-relief valve, which will make it necessary<br />
| |
− | | |
− | to recharge the system with antifreeze solution. In some cases,<br />
| |
− | the overheating can be so severe that the antifreeze solution<br />
| |
− | will be compromised to the point of needing replacement.<br />
| |
− | Although it seems like a no-brainer to go with a DC PV-<br />
| |
− | direct power source for your solar water heater pump—not<br />
| |
− | so fast. A few other factors can influence your decision about<br />
| |
− | | |
− | the power source:
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Some DC pumps are noisier than AC pumps, which can
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | make an installer think twice about the placement of a<br />
| |
− | DC pump.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • High-head drainback DC pumps are few and far between.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Finding a reliable high-head DC hot water circulator<br />
| |
− | is impossible at this time, limiting the head of a DC<br />
| |
− | drainback system to about 15 feet.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Any given PV module and SHW collector are rarely a
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | perfect match. The PV module often will “outproduce”<br />
| |
− | | |
− | the collector and the pump may run early in the morning<br />
| |
− | or late in the afternoon when the collector isn’t producing<br />
| |
− | useful heat. The result? Unwanted pump operation can<br />
| |
− | actually cool the water in the solar storage tank. Until<br />
| |
− | recently, no DC-powered differential controllers were<br />
| |
− | available to limit this unwanted pump operation. Art<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Tec (see Access) recently began manufacturing a DC<br />
| |
− | differential controller that optimizes pump run-time in<br />
| |
− | PV-direct SHW systems.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | AC hot water circulators are firmly entrenched in<br />
| |
− | normal distribution in the United States and are therefore<br />
| |
− | less expensive and easier to procure. A DC pump will cost<br />
| |
− | | |
− | more than an AC pump of the same head and category, and<br />
| |
− | the PV module will add to the cost—but if it fits into your<br />
| |
− | design and budget, the extra cost is well worth the expense.<br />
| |
− | PV-powered DC pumps are normally the optimal choice for a<br />
| |
− | solar heating system except in high-head drainback and very<br />
| |
− | large antifreeze systems.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>The Fine Print
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Knowing how to decipher the fine print on the pump can give<br />
| |
− | you valuable insight into whether or not it’ll be a good match for<br />
| |
− | your SHW system. For example, the “15-18 SU” model number<br />
| |
− | of a Grundfos pump tells you that the impeller housing inlet is
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15 millimeters and the maximum head is 18 decimeters; “S” is<br />
| |
− | for stainless steel, and “U” is for union attachment.<br />
| |
− | Other manufacturers have model numbers that may also<br />
| |
− | denote the power consumed or the pump construction. An<br />
| |
− | “F” in a model name usually denotes a flange iron pump,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | which can make the pump housing easily removed and<br />
| |
− | replaced. “B” stands for bronze, so a “BF” would be a bronze<br />
| |
− | flange pump. Look at the Solar Pump table (previous page)<br />
| |
− | to see some of the relationships between model numbers and<br />
| |
− | specifications.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Common Pumps
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Several pumps and manufacturers are listed in the table and<br />
| |
− | Access. The models listed were included because they are<br />
| |
− | readily available and most folks in the solar industry are<br />
| |
− | familiar with them, but there are also others on the market.<br />
| |
− | One very important point: Make sure any circulation pump<br />
| |
− | | |
− | you consider for a SHW system is intended for hot water—at<br />
| |
− | least 200°F for most systems.<br />
| |
− | Besides that, knowing a few simple rules and the<br />
| |
− | manufacturer’s pump specifications is all you need to make<br />
| |
− | an intelligent choice, whatever your needs. After almost thirty<br />
| |
− | years installing and servicing solar hot water circulation<br />
| |
− | | |
− | pumps, almost all the models I’ve used seem very durable<br />
| |
− | and long lasting. So pick your pump(s) and get into some<br />
| |
− | really hot water.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Access
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Contributing editor Chuck Marken (chuck.marken@homepower.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | com) is a New Mexico licensed plumber, electrician, and heating<br />
| |
− | and air conditioning contractor. He has been installing and servicing<br />
| |
− | solar thermal systems since 1979. Chuck is a part-time instructor<br />
| |
− | for Solar Energy International and the University of New Mexico.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Art Tec • 866-427-8832 • www.arttec.net • DC differential
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | temperature controller
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solar Rating and Certification Corp. • www.solar-rating.org •
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | OG-100 ratings directory
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Pump Manufacturers:
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Bell & Gossett • 847-966-3700 • www.bellgossett.com
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Grundfos Pumps Corp. • 913-227-3400 •
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.grundfos.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Ivan Labs • 561-747-5354 • El-Sid pumps
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | March Manufacturing Inc. • 847-729-5300 •
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.marchpump.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | S. A. Armstrong Ltd. • 416-755-2291 •
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.armstrongpumps.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Taco Inc. • 401-942-8000 • www.taco-hvac.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | home power 121 / october & november 2007
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 86
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | pump primer
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Be Part of the Solar Solution
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Schüco is the global leader for solar energy systems, with decades
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | of experience, and a full line of the most innovative solar technology
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | on the market today.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | With sleek, European design, German-engineering, and outstanding
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | performance, Schüco solar energy solutions are the perfect match
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | for quality-conscious American consumers.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | You can be part of the solar solution. Schüco can show you how
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | with Photovoltaic systems that generate electricity and Solar
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Thermal systems that create heat and hot water for your home.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | For further information visit www.schuco-usa.com.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Schüco USA L.P.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.schuco-usa.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Your Partner for Windows and Solar Products
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | In August 2006, I heard from a friend at<br />
| |
− | Hewlett-Packard that a former co-worker<br />
| |
− | of hers had designed a new solar shading<br />
| |
− | analysis tool that I should check out. Two<br />
| |
− | weeks later at the SolFest renewable<br />
| |
− | energy fair, Willard MacDonald,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | president of Solmetric, walked up to<br />
| |
− | the Home Power booth with the tool my<br />
| |
− | friend had mentioned. After a 15-minute<br />
| |
− | guided tour of Solmetric’s SunEye, it<br />
| |
− | felt like solar site analysis had just been<br />
| |
− | launched into the twenty-first century.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>Solar Site Analysis
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Home Power regularly stresses the<br />
| |
− | importance of accurate solar site<br />
| |
− | assessment. PV generation will be<br />
| |
− | crippled if the array is installed in<br />
| |
− | | |
− | a location with excessive shading.<br />
| |
− | Shading also affects the productivity of<br />
| |
− | solar hot water collectors, although to a<br />
| |
− | lesser degree than for PV modules. And<br />
| |
− | shading analysis is important when<br />
| |
− | designing passive solar buildings—it<br />
| |
− | | |
− | helps determine optimal building<br />
| |
− | orientation, window locations, or trees<br />
| |
− | that might need to be removed (or<br />
| |
− | planted) to improve or limit solar access<br />
| |
− | for particular sides of a structure.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>SunEye Overview
| |
− | | |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | The Solmetric SunEye is a handheld solar access and shade<br />
| |
− | analysis tool. It integrates a Hewlett-Packard iPAQ PDA, used as<br />
| |
− | the processor and user interface, with a digital camera, compass,<br />
| |
− | and bubble level. Solmetric has refitted the iPAQ with custom<br />
| |
− | software. The touch-screen interface provides easy navigation<br />
| |
− | | |
− | and operation with the touch of a finger. With a suggested<br />
| |
− | retail price of $1,355, the SunEye is designed and built for PV,<br />
| |
− | solar thermal, and passive solar building professionals (and is<br />
| |
− | compliant with California’s incentive programs).
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>Setup
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | The initial SunEye setup takes just a few minutes—complete the<br />
| |
− | guided touch-screen calibration, set the date and time, and the<br />
| |
− | unit is good to go. The SunEye Desktop Companion software,
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b><i> / october & november 2007
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>88
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>Solar Site Evaluation Tool
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>by Joe Schwartz
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Solmetric SunEye
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Fish-Eye Lens &<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Digital Camera
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Compass
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Protective<br />
| |
− | Cover
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Power On/Off<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Button
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Touch Screen
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>USB &<br />
| |
− | Charge Port
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Five-Way Navigation<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Button
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Neck Strap<br />
| |
− | Attachment Points
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Bubble<br />
| |
− | Level
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | provided on CD-ROM, enables you to export collected site<br />
| |
− | data to a Windows-based computer for further analysis, report<br />
| |
− | generation, and archiving. Free connectivity software can be<br />
| |
− | downloaded to allow the SunEye to interface with your PC,<br />
| |
− | and SunEye software updates are made available on Solmetric’s<br />
| |
− | Web site. Mac operating systems are not supported.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>Surveying a Site
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Once you’re ready to perform a solar site survey, power up<br />
| |
− | the SunEye, create a new session, and select the city and state<br />
| |
− | nearest to the site location. Alternatively, latitude, longitude,<br />
| |
− | and magnetic declination can be entered manually. The array<br />
| |
− | | |
− | orientation (azimuth) and tilt angle default to true south<br />
| |
− | and latitude respectively. But both of these variables can be<br />
| |
− | changed in the Skyline Properties menu. This feature also<br />
| |
− | allows you to determine solar access for arrays oriented east<br />
| |
− | or west of true south, as well as at different tilt angles.<br />
| |
− | To capture a skyline graphic of the site, fully open the<br />
| |
− | | |
− | SunEye cover and select “Skyline” from the Display menu.<br />
| |
− | Orient the compass toward magnetic south (declination is<br />
| |
− | automatically calculated based on the selected location), and<br />
| |
− | use the bubble level to level the tool. Then, simply touch the<br />
| |
− | “Snap” icon to capture the image. Holding the curved edge<br />
| |
− | of the SunEye firmly against your body will help you keep<br />
| |
− | | |
− | the tool steady.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | The SunEye can store skylines and data for more than 50<br />
| |
− | site readings before uploading to your computer for archiving.<br />
| |
− | The captured skyline is automatically saved, and an annual<br />
| |
− | solar access percentage is instantly generated, along with<br />
| |
− | separate percentages for May to October, and November to<br />
| |
− | | |
− | April. Changing to the “Monthly Solar Access” view generates<br />
| |
− | a month-by-month bar graph of solar access percentages.<br />
| |
− | One great feature of the SunEye is its option to average<br />
| |
− | multiple skylines from a single survey session. This is useful
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | when surveying the entire area being considered for a large PV<br />
| |
− | array. For example, a skyline from each corner of the potential<br />
| |
− | | |
− | array site can be captured to calculate the average solar access.<br />
| |
− | This approach also helps determine daily shading patterns on<br />
| |
− | various segments of the proposed array to plan the optimal<br />
| |
− | configuration and layout of individual PV series strings.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>Image Editing & Reports
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Both the SunEye and the Desktop Companion include skyline<br />
| |
− | image editing software to fine-tune any shading patterns that<br />
| |
− | may not have been interpolated accurately by the SunEye<br />
| |
− | software. The image-editing tool also lets you “remove”<br />
| |
− | objects, such as trees that are creating unwanted shade in<br />
| |
− | a skyline/sun path image. At the touch of a finger, you<br />
| |
− | | |
− | can remove a tree that’s causing excessive shading, and<br />
| |
− | automatically recalculate the solar access that would be<br />
| |
− | available if the real obstruction were removed.<br />
| |
− | The SunEye Companion software generates a<br />
| |
− | comprehensive report that includes sun-path images, monthly<br />
| |
− | solar access bar graphs, and links to spreadsheet-compatible<br />
| |
− | | |
− | tables for a survey session. The tables include data for daily
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www.</i><b>homepower</b><i>.com
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>89
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Solmetric SunEye<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Details
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>MSRP:</b> $1,355
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Warranty:</b> One year
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Computer System Minimum Requirements:</b> Windows<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Vista, Windows XP, or Windows 2000; 700 MHz<br />
| |
− | processor, 256 MB RAM, 20 MB hard drive space; and<br />
| |
− | Internet Explorer
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Solmetric SunEye
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>SunEye’s “Monthly Solar Access” display.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>SunEye’s sun-path display.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | solar access, insolation, shading, and obstruction elevations<br />
| |
− | for further analysis.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>SunEye Battery Basics
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | The SunEye can be charged using the provided AC charger,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | from a computer via the USB cable, or using an optional DC<br />
| |
− | car charger. The lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery in the iPAQ has<br />
| |
− | an expected life of 400 to 500 full charge cycles. At a typical<br />
| |
− | discharge of 50%, the manufacturer estimates a battery life<br />
| |
− | of 800 to 1,000 cycles. The battery is not removable, so in<br />
| |
− | the case of failure, the unit must be shipped to Solmetric<br />
| |
− | | |
− | for replacement. Solmetric policy keeps the typical battery<br />
| |
− | replacement turnaround time to one day, plus shipping time.<br />
| |
− | Loaner units are available if a battery replacement would<br />
| |
− | result in unacceptable downtime for the user.<br />
| |
− | In good condition, a fully recharged SunEye battery will<br />
| |
− | power the unit for about three hours of continuous use. The<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Li-ion battery has a fairly high self-discharge rate and will<br />
| |
− | completely lose charge after about nine days if left unused<br />
| |
− | without charging. Data will be held in memory in this case,<br />
| |
− | but the touch-screen and date and time will need to be reset. If<br />
| |
− | you’re used to keeping cell phones, MP3 players, PDAs, and<br />
| |
− | the like recharged and ready for use, adding the SunEye to<br />
| |
− | | |
− | your charging routine will be easy.<br />
| |
− | Solmetric recommends keeping the unit continuously<br />
| |
− | connected and charging so it’s ready to go when you are.<br />
| |
− | I was curious about how much energy the SunEye would<br />
| |
− | draw under a constant float charge. After 24 hours, the Kill
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b><i> / october & november 2007
| |
− | | |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>90
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>RE</b><i>view
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | A Watt power meter I used for testing didn’t register a single<br />
| |
− | kilowatt-hour (KWH). In float service, the SunEye draws<br />
| |
− | | |
− | between 0 and 1.2 watts. Over 24 hours, I estimate the unit<br />
| |
− | would consume less than 20 watt-hours.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>More to Come
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solmetric is developing a new version of their SunEye<br />
| |
− | software package called SunEye Pro. This major software<br />
| |
− | | |
− | upgrade is expected to cost less than $200 and will be<br />
| |
− | compatible with existing SunEye units. The upgrade will<br />
| |
− | incorporate state-specific incentive program shading criteria.<br />
| |
− | The SunEye Pro software will report the optimal array tilt and<br />
| |
− | azimuth for a given site, and data output will be converted<br />
| |
− | to KWH in addition to the percentage figures provided by<br />
| |
− | | |
− | the current SunEye software. One great advantage of the<br />
| |
− | SunEye’s software-based design is the ability to upgrade the<br />
| |
− | unit as new features become available—this tool will just get<br />
| |
− | better and better.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>Access
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Joe Schwartz (joe.schwartz@homepower.com), Home<br />
| |
− | Power CEO and executive editor, holds a Renewable Energy<br />
| |
− | Technician license in Oregon. His home and home office are<br />
| |
− | powered exclusively by renewable energy.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solmetric Corp. • www.solmetric.com • Manufacturer
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | DC Power Systems • www.dcpower-systems.com •
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SunEye distributor
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>E L E T
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>C R O N C O N N E C T I O N
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | P
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | X
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | E
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | R<br />
| |
− | I<br />
| |
− | E<br />
| |
− | | |
− | N<br />
| |
− | C<br />
| |
− | E
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | D
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | S<br />
| |
− | | |
− | I<br />
| |
− | G<br />
| |
− | N A B C E P<br />
| |
− | V
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | A
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | L<br />
| |
− | E
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | I<br />
| |
− | D
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | G
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | F
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | F
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | O
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | R I E N D L Y
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | R U
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | I<br />
| |
− | L<br />
| |
− | I<br />
| |
− | T<br />
| |
− | Y
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | O I Y O U R S E F<br />
| |
− | T
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | E<br />
| |
− | I<br />
| |
− | A
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | N E R T I E
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | R
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | D
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Y
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | H
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | W
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | N<br />
| |
− | D
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Puzzled? We’ve Got the Solution.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | We live on renewable energy, have 20 years of<br />
| |
− | experience, and have established over 500 systems.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Your best resource is a local pro. Tap into our network<br />
| |
− | of qualified, competent Electron Connection associates<br />
| |
− | across the country.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Installing RE and looking for a competent distributor?
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Why talk to a sales technician when you can talk<br />
| |
− | to an electrician? We know what works and how it<br />
| |
− | works. We offer technical support, system design help,<br />
| |
− | prompt shipment, fair pricing and NO BULL. Local<br />
| |
− | | |
− | referrals always. Electrical competence required.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | A well designed renewable energy system is much more than a pile of hardware.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | WE PROVIDE COMPLETE SERVICE:
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Solar
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Wind
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Micro-hydro
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Water Pumping
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Load Analysis
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Local Site Survey
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | • System Design & Installation
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • User Training & Tech Support
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>P.O. Box 203, Hornbrook, CA 96044 U.S.A. • Voice/Fax: 530.475.3401 • E-mail: bob-o@electronconnection.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Bob-O Schultze<br />
| |
− | | |
− | CA Electrical Lic #<br />
| |
− | 613554<br />
| |
− | OR CCB Lic #<br />
| |
− | 149724
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Authorized Distributor
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Authorized Distributor
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>800.945.7587 toll free<br />
| |
− | www.electronconnection.com online catalog
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Authorized Distributor
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Authorized Distributor
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>H</b>ome Power<b> has never been a “disposable” magazine. But there’s nothing efficient or easy about paging through a
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>shelf full of back issues in search of the information you need. Introducing our twentieth anniversary DVD-ROM.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Easy access...and a lot of extra shelf space.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | u <b>Exactly as published: Every issue, every page.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | u <b>100 “Editor’s Choice” articles, extracted and categorized for easy reference.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | u <b>Comprehensive bookmarking and linking for easy navigation.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | u <b>Portable, searchable, printable PDF files.
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | $95. Free shipping to all destinations. Adobe Reader software required—free at adobe.com.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | To order, visit homepower.com/20years or call 800-707-6585 or 541-512-0201.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>20 Years<br />
| |
− | 120 Issues<br />
| |
− | 2716 Articles<br />
| |
− | | |
− | 15360 Pages
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>One<br />
| |
− | Incomparable,<br />
| |
− | Digital<br />
| |
− | Archive
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>#120Aug/Sep ’07
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#119Jun/Jul’07
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#118Apr/May’07
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#117Feb/Mar’07
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#116Dec ’06/Jan ’07
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#115Oct/Nov’06
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#114Aug/Sep ’06
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#113Jun/Jul’06
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#112Apr/May’06
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#111Feb/Mar’06
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#110Dec ’05/Jan ’06
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#109Oct/Nov’05
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#108Aug/Sep ’05
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>#107Jun/Jul’05
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#106Apr/May’05
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#105Feb/Mar’05
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#104Dec ’04/Jan ’05
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#103Oct/Nov’04
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#102Aug/Sep ’04
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#101Jun/Jul’04
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#100Apr/May’04
| |
− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>#99Feb/Mar’04
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− | </b></p>
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− | | |
− | <p>
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− | <b>#98Dec ’03/Jan ’04
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>#97Oct/Nov’03
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− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
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− | <b>#96Aug/Sep ’03
| |
− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>#95Jun/Jul’03
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | | |
− | <b>#94Apr/May’03
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>#93Feb/Mar’03
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
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− | <b>#92Dec ’02/Jan ’03
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>#91Oct/Nov’02
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>#90Aug/Sep ’02
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− | | |
− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>#89Jun/Jul’02
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>#88Apr/May’02
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>#87Feb/Mar’02
| |
− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#86Dec ’01/Jan ’02
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
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− | <b>#85Oct/Nov’01
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>#84Aug/Sep ’01
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− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
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− | <b>#83Jun/Jul’01
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>#82Apr/May’01
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | | |
− | <b>#81Feb/Mar’01
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>#80Dec ’00/Jan ’01
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>#79Oct/Nov’00
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>#78Aug/Sep ’00
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>#77Jun/Jul’00
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− | | |
− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>#76Apr/May’00
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>#75Feb/Mar’00
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
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− | <b>#74Dec ’99/Jan ’00
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
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− | <b>#73Oct/Nov’99
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− | </b></p>
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− | | |
− | <p>
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− | <b>#72Aug/Sep ’99
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>#71Jun/Jul’99
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>#70Apr/May’99
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>#69Feb/Mar’99
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | | |
− | <b>#68Dec ’98/Jan ’99
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
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− | <b>#67Oct/Nov’98
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
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− | <b>#66Aug/Sep ’98
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>#65Jun/Jul’98
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>#64Apr/May’98
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− | | |
− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>#63Feb/Mar’98
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
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− | <b>#62Dec ’97/Jan ’98
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
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− | <b>#61Oct/Nov’97
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
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− | <b>#60Aug/Sep ’97
| |
− | </b></p>
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− | | |
− | <p>
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− | <b>#59Jun/Jul’97
| |
− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>#58Apr/May’97
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
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− | <b>#57Feb/Mar’97
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
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− | <b>#56Dec ’96/Jan ’97
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
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− | | |
− | <b>#55Oct/Nov’96
| |
− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>#54Aug/Sep ’96
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>#53Jun/Jul’96
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
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− | <b>#52Apr/May’96
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− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
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− | <b>#51Feb/Mar’96
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− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#50Dec ’95/Jan ’96
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#49Oct/Nov’95
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#48Aug/Sep ’95
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#47Jun/Jul’95
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#46Apr/May’95
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#45Feb/Mar’95
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#44Dec ’94/Jan ’95
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#43Oct/Nov’94
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>#42Aug/Sep ’94
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#41Jun/Jul’94
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#40Apr/May’94
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#39Feb/Mar’94
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#38Dec ’93/Jan ’94
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#37Oct/Nov’93
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#36Aug/Sep ’93
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#35Jun/Jul’93
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#34Apr/May’93
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#33Feb/Mar’93
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#32Dec ’92/Jan ’93
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#31Oct/Nov’92
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#30Aug/Sep ’92
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>#29Jun/Jul’92
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#28Apr/May’92
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#27Feb/Mar’92
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#26Dec ’91/Jan ’92
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#25Oct/Nov’91
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#24Aug/Sep ’91
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#23Jun/Jul’91
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#22Apr/May’91
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#21Feb/Mar’91
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#20Dec ’90/Jan ’91
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#19Oct/Nov’90
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#18Aug/Sep ’90
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#17Jun/Jul’90
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>#16Apr/May’90
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#15Feb/Mar’90
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#14Dec ’89/Jan ’90
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#13Oct/Nov’89
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#12Aug/Sep ’89
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#11Jun/Jul’89
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#10Apr/May’89
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#9Feb/Mar’89
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#8Dec ’88/Jan ’89
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#7Oct/Nov’88
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#6Aug/Sep ’88
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#5Jun/Jul’88
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#4Apr/May’88
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>#3Feb/Mar’88
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#2Dec ’87/Jan ’88
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#1Oct/Nov’87
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>HOM
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>E POW
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>ER M
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>AGAZINE ENERGY INDEPENDENCE SINCE 1987
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>HOM
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>E POW
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>ER M
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>AGAZINE ENERGY INDEPENDENCE SINCE 1987
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#114Aug/Sep ’06
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#113Jun/Jul’06
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>#112Apr/May’06
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#111Feb/Mar’06
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#110Dec ’05/Jan ’06
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#109Oct/Nov’05
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#102Aug/Sep ’04
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#101Jun/Jul’04
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#100Apr/May’04
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#99Feb/Mar’04
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#98Dec ’03/Jan ’04
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#97Oct/Nov’03
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#90Aug/Sep ’02
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#89Jun/Jul’02
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#88Apr/May’02
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>#87Feb/Mar’02
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#86Dec ’01/Jan ’02
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#85Oct/Nov’01
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Includes a<br />
| |
− | Fold-Out Gallery<br />
| |
− | | |
− | of All 120
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Home Power
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Covers!
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#74Dec ’99/Jan ’00
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#62Dec ’97/Jan ’98
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#50Dec ’95/Jan ’96
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#38Dec ’93/Jan ’94
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#26Dec ’91/Jan ’92
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#14Dec ’89/Jan ’90
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#2Dec ’87/Jan ’88
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#74Dec ’99/Jan ’00
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#73Oct/Nov’99
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#62Dec ’97/Jan ’98
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>#61Oct/Nov’97
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#50Dec ’95/Jan ’96
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#49Oct/Nov’95
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#38Dec ’93/Jan ’94
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#37Oct/Nov’93
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#26Dec ’91/Jan ’92
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#25Oct/Nov’91
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#14Dec ’89/Jan ’90
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#13Oct/Nov’89
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#2Dec ’87/Jan ’88
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>#1Oct/Nov’87
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b> / october & november 2007
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>94
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | f you were to stop people on the street and ask them to name states<br />
| |
− | known for strong growth in solar-electric system installations, chances<br />
| |
− | are that few would mention New Jersey. But the state has some of the<br />
| |
− | most favorable residential and commercial solar incentives in the nation.<br />
| |
− | Here’s how a New Jersey couple put solar electricity to work for them—<br />
| |
− | | |
− | at home and on their rental properties.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>by Regina Anne Kelly
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>Profiting
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Peter, Tanya, and Noelle Ptak in front of their PV-powered residence.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>fromPV
| |
− | | |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | In 2006, the total number of residential and small business<br />
| |
− | grid-tied solar-electric systems in New Jersey topped 1,500.<br />
| |
− | This was an exponential increase from just five years earlier,<br />
| |
− | when there were only six installed in the state. The impetus<br />
| |
− | for this amazing change? New Jersey’s incentive-based clean<br />
| |
− | | |
− | energy program, which was launched in 2001.<br />
| |
− | Strong financial incentives enticed Peter and Tanya Ptak<br />
| |
− | to invest in three solar-electric systems. In 2005, they installed<br />
| |
− | a system on their Red Bank home and, because New Jersey’s<br />
| |
− | solar support was so sweet, decided to have two more<br />
| |
− | systems installed on their rental properties in 2006.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | PV’s Appeal
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | The Ptaks wanted to put an end to their electric bills and<br />
| |
− | support clean energy in a state that generates almost half its<br />
| |
− | electricity by burning coal. Then they discovered that New<br />
| |
− | Jersey’s Clean Energy Program (NJCEP) could allow even a<br />
| |
− | | |
− | family with an average income to afford an investment in<br />
| |
− | solar electricity.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Especially enticing was the short economic payback period<br />
| |
− | for PV systems under NJCEP’s program. “Many people here<br />
| |
− | pay [their utility] $200 per month for electricity,” says Peter.<br />
| |
− | “When do they finish paying that off? Never!” In contrast,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | investing in a solar-electric system can be likened to paying<br />
| |
− | electricity bills several years in advance, and at a fixed rate.<br />
| |
− | With New Jersey’s attractive renewable energy incentives, the<br />
| |
− | Ptaks calculated that a properly sized PV system that would<br />
| |
− | meet all their electricity needs could pay for itself within<br />
| |
− | seven to ten years. After that, all the electricity it produces is<br />
| |
− | | |
− | not only free, but surplus electricity generated means that the<br />
| |
− | system will be earning them money.<br />
| |
− | When the Ptaks installed their first system, they<br />
| |
− | received a one-time rebate of 70% of the system’s total<br />
| |
− | cost. New Jersey also issues Solar Renewable Energy<br />
| |
− | Certificates (SRECs)—financial credits granted by the<br />
| |
− | | |
− | state’s public utility commission. Owners of systems that<br />
| |
− | produce energy from renewable sources receive credits<br />
| |
− | for the clean energy their systems generate—credits they<br />
| |
− | can then sell to electricity suppliers to help them meet the<br />
| |
− | state’s renewable portfolio standard.<br />
| |
− | Another important financial incentive is net metering,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | by which utilities credit owners of grid-tied PV systems at<br />
| |
− | the retail rate for any electricity their systems produce, until<br />
| |
− | their cumulative electricity use is offset. In New Jersey,<br />
| |
− | annualized net metering zeroes a customer’s account at<br />
| |
− | the end of a 12-month cycle, based on the system’s initial<br />
| |
− | commissioning date. This allows surplus energy generated<br />
| |
− | | |
− | during sunnier months to be banked, and the credits<br />
| |
− | applied against utility electricity used during seasons when<br />
| |
− | the PV system produces less energy. At the anniversary<br />
| |
− | date, any surplus energy credit generated beyond what the<br />
| |
− | home or business has consumed is purchased by the utility<br />
| |
− | at their “avoided cost” rate (usually about 25% to 30% of<br />
| |
− | | |
− | the retail rate per kilowatt-hour), and a check is issued to<br />
| |
− | the customer.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | The up-front incentives, coupled with solar energy<br />
| |
− | certificates, a solid net-metering program, and the prospect of<br />
| |
− | generating pollution-free power, appealed to the Ptaks. They
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <i>www</i>.<b>homepower</b>.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>solar </b>profit
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>95
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | were consuming approximately 6,800 KWH of electricity per<br />
| |
− | | |
− | year, and spending up to $90 per month on electricity for<br />
| |
− | lighting, localized space heating, and appliances. Investing<br />
| |
− | in PV systems to power both their home and rental buildings<br />
| |
− | would be good for the environment—and their pocketbooks.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solar Savings
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Sea Bright Solar, a PV system design and installation company,<br />
| |
− | provided the Ptaks with an estimate for a batteryless 5.44<br />
| |
− | kilowatt (KW) solar-electric system that would offset all their<br />
| |
− | home’s annual electricity usage. The Ptaks took advantage<br />
| |
− | of Sea Bright’s payment program of floating the rebate, a<br />
| |
− | common practice among New Jersey installers that allows<br />
| |
− | | |
− | customers to divide the after-rebate cost into installments. To<br />
| |
− | ease any impact on their budget, they divvied the total cost<br />
| |
− | into three payments: a deposit, a payment upon equipment<br />
| |
− | delivery, and a final payment after the system passed local<br />
| |
− | electrical and building inspections.<br />
| |
− | Since the system’s installation in 2005, besides eliminating<br />
| |
− | | |
− | their electricity bill and saving them $780 in their first year, it<br />
| |
− | has earned the Ptaks $1,000 through SREC sales. In 2006, on<br />
| |
− | the system’s first anniversary, they also received a $65 check<br />
| |
− | from Jersey Central Power & Light for the surplus energy<br />
| |
− | their system generated.<br />
| |
− | The Ptaks predict additional “future” savings beyond their<br />
| |
− | | |
− | utility bills and SRECs if they ever decide to sell their home.<br />
| |
− | According to a report funded by the U.S. Environmental<br />
| |
− | Protection Agency and the Department of Housing and Urban<br />
| |
− | Development, every dollar saved in utility bills the first year<br />
| |
− | that a PV system is installed represents a $20 increase in<br />
| |
− | property value. Based on this estimate, the Ptaks’ PV system’s<br />
| |
− | | |
− | first-year savings would translate into a property value<br />
| |
− | increase of $15,600—well above their initial investment of<br />
| |
− | about $13,000. Not factoring in the increase in property value,<br />
| |
− | their financial break-even point to recoup the system’s initial<br />
| |
− | cost will only be about eight years.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>After installing PV on their residence, the Ptaks also installed<br />
| |
− | | |
− | solar-electric systems on their rental properties.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Renewable Rentals
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Their home PV system’s many benefits inspired Peter and<br />
| |
− | Tanya to consider solar electricity for their two rental homes,<br />
| |
− | across the street from their house. After some serious number-<br />
| |
− | | |
− | crunching, they realized installing PV systems on the two<br />
| |
− | rentals would make them eligible for a combined rebate of<br />
| |
− | more than $50,000. Plus, they’d own the SREC production of<br />
| |
− | their rental properties’ systems, estimated to generate about<br />
| |
− | $2,500 in annual income. Installing the systems as a business<br />
| |
− | venture also meant the Ptaks could take a 30% federal<br />
| |
− | | |
− | investment tax credit.<br />
| |
− | It was too good to pass up. In the fall of 2006, the Ptaks<br />
| |
− | had a 5.27 KW system installed on one three-bedroom, single-<br />
| |
− | family rental property and a 4.59 KW system installed on their<br />
| |
− | other Cape Cod-style rental home, as part of a Solar Energy<br />
| |
− | International PV design and installation class. Three primary<br />
| |
− | | |
− | criteria determined the size of each system: the area of the<br />
| |
− | available south-facing roof, the Ptaks’ desire to eliminate as
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b> / october & november 2007
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>96
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>solar </b>profit
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>KWH<br />
| |
− | Meter:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | To utility<br />
| |
− | grid
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>AC Service<br />
| |
− | Entrance:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | To 120/240 VAC<br />
| |
− | loads
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | G
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Inverter:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Aurora PVI-3000, 3,000 Wp,<br />
| |
− | 90–580 VDC operating<br />
| |
− | range, 240 VAC output
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Photovoltaics: </b>12 BP SX170, 170 W<br />
| |
− | | |
− | each at 35.4 Vmp, wired in two<br />
| |
− | 6-module series strings for 2,040 W<br />
| |
− | total at 212.4 Vmp
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>DC Combiner &<br />
| |
− | Disconnect
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Photovoltaics: </b>20 BP SX170, 170 W each at 35.4 Vmp,<br />
| |
− | wired in two 10-module series strings for 3,400 W total at<br />
| |
− | 354 Vmp
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Inverter:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Aurora PVI-3000, 3,000 Wp,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | 90–580 VDC operating<br />
| |
− | range, 240 VAC output
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Note:</b> All numbers are rated, manufacturers’<br />
| |
− | specifications, or nominal unless otherwise specified.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | H2
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | H1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | H2
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 100KWH
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | H1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>AC<br />
| |
− | Subpanel
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>DC Combiner &<br />
| |
− | Disconnect
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | G
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Two Power-One Aurora inverters synchronize the solar-electric<br />
| |
− | system’s output with the utility grid.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Ptak On-Grid PV<br />
| |
− | System (Home)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | much of the buildings’ grid electricity use as possible, and a<br />
| |
− | | |
− | unique rebate policy that considers two adjacent properties<br />
| |
− | with the same owner to be eligible for one combined rebate.<br />
| |
− | Under the current NJCEP solar rebate schedule, the greatest<br />
| |
− | rebate is available on systems that are no greater than 10 KW.<br />
| |
− | To maximize the rebate, Sea Bright Solar’s system design<br />
| |
− | fully utilized the available roof space on both houses, for a<br />
| |
− | | |
− | combined system size of 9.86 KW—just under the maximum.<br />
| |
− | “Before installing the PV systems, I found that our<br />
| |
− | renters had a tendency to use—if not waste—more energy<br />
| |
− | than we, as homeowners, did,” says Peter. Housemates<br />
| |
− | typically would split the electric bill evenly, resulting in lower<br />
| |
− | individual costs—with little incentive to conserve energy.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Peter and Tanya were interested in encouraging more energy<br />
| |
− | conservation, while passing the solar savings on to their<br />
| |
− | tenants. They charge their tenants about 90% of the utility<br />
| |
− | value for the solar-generated electricity, while the tenants<br />
| |
− | are responsible for paying any utility balance beyond what<br />
| |
− | the PV system generates. “Charging a slightly reduced rate<br />
| |
− | | |
− | for electricity makes it more enticing for them to rent,” says<br />
| |
− | Peter. “This keeps the properties rented longer, which keeps<br />
| |
− | our profit margin higher over the years.”
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Practical PV Payoff
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | The Ptaks are passionate about the practical benefits of<br />
| |
− | | |
− | tapping into the sun for electricity. They now have a minimal<br />
| |
− | to nonexistent electric bill and annually receive a check for<br />
| |
− | any surplus electricity their systems generate. They are also<br />
| |
− | proud to have effectively reduced their “carbon footprint,”<br />
| |
− | environmental pollution, and other associated impacts of<br />
| |
− | burning fossil fuels. Their home’s PV system alone saves about<br />
| |
− | | |
− | 9,100 pounds of carbon dioxide, 32 pounds of nitrogen oxide,
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www</i>.<b>homepower</b>.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>solar </b>profit
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>97
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Tech Specs<br />
| |
− | (Ptak Residence)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Overview
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>System type:</b> Batteryless, grid-tie solar-electric
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Location:</b> Red Bank, New Jersey
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Solar resource:</b> 4.7 average daily peak sun-hours
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Production:</b> 540 AC KWH per month, average
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Utility electricity offset annually:</b> 100%
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Photovoltaics
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Modules:</b> Thirty-two BP SX170, 170 W STC, 35.4 Vmp
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Array:</b> Two 6-module series strings parallel, 2,040 W<br />
| |
− | STC, 212.4 Vmp; two 10-module series strings parallel,<br />
| |
− | 3,400 W STC, 354 Vmp; 5.44 KW STC total
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Array disconnect:</b> Two Square D, 30 A, 600 VDC
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Array installation:</b> UniRac mounts; south-facing; 12<br />
| |
− | modules mounted parallel to roof at 35 degree tilt; 20<br />
| |
− | modules mounted on elevated racks at 10 degree tilt
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Balance of System
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Inverters:</b> Two Power-One (Magnetek) Aurora PVI-3000,<br />
| |
− | 600 VDC maximum input voltage, 90–580 VDC operating<br />
| |
− | range, 240 VAC output
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>System performance metering:</b> Internal inverter meters<br />
| |
− | | |
− | & utility KWH meter
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>To maximize the solar energy rebate, the system design fully utilized the available roof space on the Ptaks’ rental properties.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | and 52 pounds of sulfur dioxide from<br />
| |
− | being emitted each year, according to<br />
| |
− | National Renewable Energy Laboratory<br />
| |
− | | |
− | estimates.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | The Ptaks’ multiple PV systems also<br />
| |
− | have had a positive influence on their<br />
| |
− | community. “Everyone was basically<br />
| |
− | blown away,” says Peter. “I tell them<br />
| |
− | all about the program, and they become<br />
| |
− | | |
− | very interested and want to learn more.<br />
| |
− | [Some of them may be] a bit put off by<br />
| |
− | the initial cost, but those who really<br />
| |
− | understand the concept realize that it is<br />
| |
− | ultimately an investment that pays off<br />
| |
− | in the long run.” One of Peter’s co-workers decided to have<br />
| |
− | | |
− | an 8.5 KW ground-mounted system installed in 2006. Peter<br />
| |
− | says that several other homeowners he knows “have been<br />
| |
− | very interested in learning more about the systems that they<br />
| |
− | could feasibly install. People are intrigued by the ‘no electric<br />
| |
− | bill’ factor.”
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Access
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Regina Anne Kelly is a professional writer and the author<br />
| |
− | of <i>Energy Supply and Renewable Resources</i> (Facts On File,<br />
| |
− | 2007). Her articles have appeared in several scientific and<br />
| |
− | trade journals. She holds an M.A. in English literature from<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Fordham University and a B.A. in journalism and English<br />
| |
− | from Rutgers College.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Peter & Tanya Ptak • ptakpeter@hotmail.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Sea Bright Solar • 866-SOLAR-1-S •<br />
| |
− | www.seabrightsolar.com • System installer
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | New Jersey Clean Energy Program •
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.njcleanenergy.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solar Energy International • www.solarenergy.org •
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Workshop presenter
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | PV System Components:
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | BP Solar • www.bpsolar.com • PV modules
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Power-One • www.power-one.com • Aurora inverter
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | UniRac • www.unirac.com • Array mounts
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>home power 121</b> / october & november 2007
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>98
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>solar </b>profit
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | With favorable financial incentives for PV systems, it’s no<br />
| |
− | | |
− | surprise that solar energy has had a strong start in New Jersey.<br />
| |
− | During the first six years of the New Jersey Clean Energy<br />
| |
− | Program (NJCEP), the state granted more than $120 million<br />
| |
− | in rebates for PV projects, with the highest number of rebates<br />
| |
− | and installations occurring in 2006. The total amount of rebates<br />
| |
− | given in 2006 was 1,670 times greater than that in 2001.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | But with so many new systems going online with the help<br />
| |
− | of state funds, New Jersey’s Board of Public Utilities began<br />
| |
− | reducing the rebate in 2005. When the solar rebate program<br />
| |
− | launched, the NJCEP offered $5.50 per watt, or 70% of the<br />
| |
− | cost of the installed system (whichever was lower), up to a<br />
| |
− | | |
− | maximum of 10 KW of installed capacity. As of August 2007,<br />
| |
− | the rebate is $3.80 per watt—smaller, but still substantial. The<br />
| |
− | NJCEP has announced a new rebate reduction to $3.50 per watt<br />
| |
− | effective September 1, 2007. However, due to high demand and<br />
| |
− | rapid growth of the program, some customers and installers<br />
| |
− | have been waiting more than a year to find out whether their<br />
| |
− | | |
− | rebate applications have been accepted.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | In an effort to smooth what has at times been a roller-coaster ride<br />
| |
− | for New Jersey PV system installers and potential customers,<br />
| |
− | NJCEP is investigating a performance-based rebate structure
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | for commercial systems and a performance-based/smaller up-<br />
| |
− | | |
− | front rebate structure for systems less than 10 KW. Under the<br />
| |
− | performance-based model, consumers receive their incentives<br />
| |
− | on an ongoing basis as their systems produce clean energy, and<br />
| |
− | solar facility owners are awarded a cost-per-KWH incentive for the<br />
| |
− | electricity they generate with PV systems. This past spring, the<br />
| |
− | NJCEP implemented a pilot program in which the state does not<br />
| |
− | | |
− | offer an up-front rebate, but instead compensates system owners<br />
| |
− | by awarding them SRECs (Solar Renewable Energy Certificates),<br />
| |
− | financial credits granted by the state’s public utility commission.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Significant financial incentives that support solar electricity<br />
| |
− | are not limited to New Jersey. About 20 states have their<br />
| |
− | own clean energy rebate programs that make solar energy an<br />
| |
− | | |
− | attractive investment for residential and commercial energy<br />
| |
− | consumers alike, and individual utilities in these and other<br />
| |
− | states may offer their own incentive programs as well. (For<br />
| |
− | specifics, see the Database for State Incentives for Renewables<br />
| |
− | & Efficiency at www.dsireusa.org.)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | A one-time federal tax credit of up to $2,000 is also available<br />
| |
− | | |
− | for residential solar energy systems, and business owners<br />
| |
− | investing in renewable energy technologies are eligible for a<br />
| |
− | federal tax credit equal to 30% of their system’s costs.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Ptak System Economics
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Residence (5.44 KW)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Rentals (9.86 KW)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Item
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Amount$ Per KW
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Amount$ Per KW
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Installed cost
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | $42,704
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | $7,850
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | $75,922
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | $7,700
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | State rebate
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -29,892
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -5,495
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -50,286
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | -5,100
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SREC payments
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -1,200
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -221
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | -2,400
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -243
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Electrical savings
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -850
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -156
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -1,600
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -162
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Federal tax credit & depreciation
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 0
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -7,691
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -780
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Net Cost </b>$10,762
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | $1,978
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | $13,945
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | $1,414
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | PV in New Jersey—Incentive Ups & Downs
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www</i>.<b>homepower</b>.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>99
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Things that Work!
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Model 4-1850
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>Home Power #67
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Ordering or Information call
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>(207)-549-3401
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.brandelectronics.com
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Brand Electronics
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 421 Hilton Rd.<br />
| |
− | Whitefield, ME 04353<br />
| |
− | info@brandelectronics.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>ONEMeter:</b> NEW FEATURES! Standard Features include Multiple<br />
| |
− | | |
− | AC or DC power channels (any voltage/current), PC interface,<br />
| |
− | internal logging, and one display. Options now include Flash<br />
| |
− | Memory Logging (up to 1 Gig!), USB connection, simple Web<br />
| |
− | interface, extra displays (many types/sizes), Battery Monitor,<br />
| |
− | Weather Monitoring (wind speed, direction, temperature, humidity,<br />
| |
− | solar output) and Control output. The OneMeter is a listed<br />
| |
− | | |
− | California Performance Monitoring and 2% meter system..
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>All products are California CEC eligible meters
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>4-1850WX:</b> Special meter for Refrigerator Replacement<br />
| |
− | Programs. Detects Defrost Cycle, displays cost/kWh-hrs/yr.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Other Models available. Check our website or call for details.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>CUSTOM APPLICATIONS and DISPLAY OPTIONS: We can build a digital<br />
| |
− | power meter to meet your needs, including large displays as well as the<br />
| |
− | popular Beta Brite scrolling LED sign. Please call with your needs/ideas.
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Digital Power<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Meters
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>20-CTR:</b> Measures<br />
| |
− | AC Power up to 10<br />
| |
− | kW, 100-250 vac single<br />
| |
− | or two phase. Remote<br />
| |
− | | |
− | display. Easy to install.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Quality Hardware for the PV Industry
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>See us at<br />
| |
− | SOLAR POWER 2007,<br />
| |
− | Sept. 24-27<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Long Beach, CA<br />
| |
− | Booth no. 424
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Power Rail
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Top-of-Pole
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Enclosures - Battery Boxes
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b> / october & november 2007
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>100
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>R
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b><i>I
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>E
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>E
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>S
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>S
| |
− | | |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>X
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>P
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>O
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>M
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>W
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>E
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>E
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>V
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b><i>R
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>A
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>I
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>W
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>N
| |
− | | |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>E
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>V
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>N
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>E
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>I
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>R
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>S
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>T
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b><i>E
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>E
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>U
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>R
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>R
| |
− | | |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>S
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>T
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>7317 JACK NEWELL BLVD. NORTH,
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>FORT WORTH, TEXAS 76118-7100
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>TOLL FREE: 800.886.4683
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>VOICE: 817.595.4969 FAX: 817.595.1290
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>WEBSITE: WWW.EXELTECH.COM
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>U
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>L
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><tt>R
| |
− | </tt></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | �POWER LEVELS FROM 1KW TO 60KW
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | �OUTPUT VOLTAGES OF 100,120,230
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | �INPUT VOLTAGES OF 12 TO 108
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | �20+ YEARS MTBF
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | �EXPANDABLE
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | �MODULAR
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | �REMOTE CAPABLE
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | �”HOT” SWAPABLE
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | TECH
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www</i>.<b>homepower</b>.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>101
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | !"#$%"&'()*&$+&*,"&&
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | !"#$%"&'()*&$+&*,"&&
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -$./*0$1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | -$./*0$1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | !
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | "
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | #
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | !"
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | "#
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | !#
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | !"#
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | $
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | %&'()&*(+,"-.,/01(+2,3(4,567-8,,,9:,56,56,,,9;59;<:,="
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Contact us today for more information<br />
| |
− | | |
− | 800-493-7877 or 760-597-1642<br />
| |
− | 2598 Fortune Way, Suite K, Vista, CA 92081 USA<br />
| |
− | blueskyenergyinc.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | BSE 1/2 page Horz. Ad 7.125“ wide by 4.625“ tall
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Blue Sky Energy, Inc. manufactures<br />
| |
− | | |
− | and distributes worldwide.<br />
| |
− | Reasonably priced and quality built since 1993.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>CONSTRUCTION
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>BUS STOPS
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>HOME LIGHTING
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Another Bright Idea<br />
| |
− | From Blue Sky Energy
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | We’ve done it again. Blue Sky Energy<br />
| |
− | is proud to announce <b><i>Dusk to Dawn<br />
| |
− | </i></b>Solar Lighting control for all of our<br />
| |
− | | |
− | *IPN based Charge Controllers.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | From industrial to consumer, we have<br />
| |
− | a product that’s right for your needs.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Features include...
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Patented Multi-Stage MPPT Charge Control<br />
| |
− | | |
− | • Fully adjustable Post Dusk & Pre-Dawn timers
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>QUALITY....RELIABILITY....BLUE SKY ENERGY, CHANGING THE WAY SOLAR IS USED EVERYDAY
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | *FORNEWPRODUCTSWITHSOFTWAREVERSION2.0
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>SB3024i&SB2512ishown
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Example Web-Based<br />
| |
− | Monitoring System
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b> / october & november 2007
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>102
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>THE WHOLE PICTURE
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Computer-Based Solutions<br />
| |
− | for PV System Monitoring
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>by Ryan Mayfield
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | he beauty of batteryless grid-tie PV<br />
| |
− | systems lies in their simplicity: Few, if<br />
| |
− | any, components with moving parts<br />
| |
− | translate into virtually maintenance-free<br />
| |
− | electricity generation. But the hands-<br />
| |
− | off nature of grid-tie PV can make it<br />
| |
− | | |
− | easy for an owner to lose track of their<br />
| |
− | system’s daily operation and assume it<br />
| |
− | is functioning optimally—even if it isn’t.<br />
| |
− | Unless you tend to keep a close eye on<br />
| |
− | your electric utility bill, in some cases<br />
| |
− | months might go by before a problem is<br />
| |
− | | |
− | detected.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>PV Array
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Inverter
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>AC Service<br />
| |
− | Panel
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Production<br />
| |
− | Meter
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Utility<br />
| |
− | Net Meter
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Datalogger<br />
| |
− | | |
− | or Gateway
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Modem
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1234
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1234
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 10110101<br />
| |
− | | |
− | 01100111
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Optional Sensors:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Irradiance,<br />
| |
− | ambient temperature,<br />
| |
− | cell temperature,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | wind speed, etc.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>World Wide Web
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Web<br />
| |
− | Monitoring<br />
| |
− | Server
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Web Browser
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Several inverter<br />
| |
− | manufacturers now<br />
| |
− | provide wireless meters<br />
| |
− | to allow system monitoring<br />
| |
− | | |
− | from any room in your house.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Local Monitoring Options
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Meters & Wireless Displays.</b> The simplest method for local<br />
| |
− | PV monitoring relies on the built-in meter that accompanies<br />
| |
− | | |
− | most batteryless grid-tie inverters. Here, you can view basic<br />
| |
− | performance data that typically includes AC power, voltage,<br />
| |
− | and current, as well as DC array voltage, daily energy<br />
| |
− | production, and cumulative energy production since the<br />
| |
− | inverter was commissioned. Some inverters have transmitters<br />
| |
− | that broadcast data to a small wireless receiver that you<br />
| |
− | | |
− | can place in a convenient location in your home for easy<br />
| |
− | viewing.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www</i>.<b>homepower</b>.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>PV </b>monitoring
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>103
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | While infrequent, PV system equipment failures or faulty<br />
| |
− | installation work can have a significant financial impact when<br />
| |
− | they go unnoticed. This is especially true of large installations,<br />
| |
− | or systems that receive performance-based incentive payments<br />
| |
− | | |
− | tied to the kilowatt-hours a system generates. These potential<br />
| |
− | issues are being met by a wave of inverter-based and<br />
| |
− | third-party system monitoring solutions that, with a few<br />
| |
− | components and a computer or handheld mobile device with<br />
| |
− | Internet access, allow PV owners, installers, and integrators<br />
| |
− | to verify system performance on-site—or from the other side<br />
| |
− | | |
− | of the globe.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | There are two basic approaches for monitoring the<br />
| |
− | performance of your PV system with a computer—local<br />
| |
− | and Web-based. Local monitoring can be as simple as<br />
| |
− | checking the data your inverter collects and displays daily,<br />
| |
− | or using a local storage device, such as a datalogger or<br />
| |
− | | |
− | computer, to store information collected by the inverter.<br />
| |
− | Web-based monitoring relies on either independent or<br />
| |
− | inverter-based communications, and a “gateway.” Besides<br />
| |
− | aggregating the data and serving as a node on your local<br />
| |
− | network, this can provide the connection to an outside<br />
| |
− | network (like your Internet service provider) to send the<br />
| |
− | | |
− | data to the Web for display.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>The Fronius datalogger can record information from up to<br />
| |
− | ten inverters. Fronius also offers free Web-based data hosting<br />
| |
− | via their new SolarWeb site.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Monitoring Battery-<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Based Systems
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Battery-based systems, both off- and on-grid, can be<br />
| |
− | monitored with more sophisticated equipment than a<br />
| |
− | standard battery amp-hour meter. Regular monitoring of<br />
| |
− | battery state of charge can make the difference between a<br />
| |
− | battery bank lasting ten years—or less than a year, if the<br />
| |
− | | |
− | batteries are overdischarged or not fully recharged on a<br />
| |
− | regular basis.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Most battery-based inverter manufacturers offer local<br />
| |
− | monitoring solutions, using software either designed by the<br />
| |
− | manufacturer or by a third-party developer. Several third-<br />
| |
− | party solutions allow battery-based systems to be monitored<br />
| |
− | | |
− | over the Web, including Chuck Wright Consulting, Draker<br />
| |
− | Solar, Fat Spaniel Technologies, RightHand Engineering,<br />
| |
− | and Watt Plot. Software that interfaces with inverter-direct<br />
| |
− | communication, as well as stand-alone, inverter-independent<br />
| |
− | datalogging equipment, is available.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Depending on the inverter design, performance data may<br />
| |
− | | |
− | be available for only a fixed amount of time, and some of the<br />
| |
− | information may disappear with the sun when the system<br />
| |
− | stops producing energy for the day. In this case, reviewing<br />
| |
− | the details of your system’s performance after sunset becomes<br />
| |
− | an impossible task. Your utility KWH meter will always be<br />
| |
− | tracking the amount of energy your PV system generates, but<br />
| |
− | | |
− | for users who enjoy or require access to both ongoing and<br />
| |
− | cumulative system data, basic inverter-based collection may<br />
| |
− | not be sufficient.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Computers & Dataloggers.</b> If you want to collect and store<br />
| |
− | data over longer periods of time, or want the ability to<br />
| |
− | | |
− | export system data to a spreadsheet program for further<br />
| |
− | analysis, the next step in local monitoring is to incorporate<br />
| |
− | an interface between the inverter and a data storage medium.<br />
| |
− | A common method is to connect the inverter directly to a<br />
| |
− | computer via a standard RS232 or RS485 serial connection.<br />
| |
− | The computer monitors and logs the system data, which<br />
| |
− | | |
− | is generally the same information that’s tracked by the<br />
| |
− | inverter’s integrated meter. Software, either developed by<br />
| |
− | the inverter manufacturer or a third-party developer, runs<br />
| |
− | on the computer, stores the data, and presents it in a simple<br />
| |
− | graphical format. One potential drawback to this method is<br />
| |
− | that the computer must be running the monitoring software<br />
| |
− | | |
− | for data to be collected. Another minor inconvenience is that<br />
| |
− | many newer computers do not have the older-style serial<br />
| |
− | ports. To make the connection to a USB port, you’ll need to<br />
| |
− | pick up an adapter.<br />
| |
− | Some inverter manufacturers offer add-on datalogging<br />
| |
− | devices that interface between the inverter and a computer.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | These dataloggers usually have the ability to monitor multiple<br />
| |
− | inverters, allowing you to track individual inverter operation,<br />
| |
− | as well as the functioning of the entire PV system. The<br />
| |
− | datalogger collects and stores data independently, and enables<br />
| |
− | you to connect a computer at a convenient time to download
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b> / october & november 2007
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>104
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>PV </b>monitoring
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | the data. The amount of data that can be stored is a function<br />
| |
− | of the datalogger’s memory capacity, the number of different<br />
| |
− | | |
− | types of data being collected, and the rate of collection.<br />
| |
− | Many dataloggers have the flexibility to accept information<br />
| |
− | from additional environmental sensors, such as temperature<br />
| |
− | probes, irradiance sensors, and anemometers. You can essentially<br />
| |
− | build your own weather station and synchronize the collected<br />
| |
− | environmental data with your PV system data. When viewed<br />
| |
− | | |
− | together, environmental and PV performance data can shed a<br />
| |
− | lot of light on how things like temperature and cloud cover affect<br />
| |
− | the voltage, current, and KWH output of your PV system. Some<br />
| |
− | dataloggers can also be used to monitor electrical loads or even<br />
| |
− | individual series strings within a PV array.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>SMA’s WebBox provides a link the between the PV plant<br />
| |
− | | |
− | and the Internet.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Web-Based Monitoring
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Web-based monitoring is a great way for both individuals<br />
| |
− | and businesses to promote the benefits of their PV systems<br />
| |
− | to a larger audience. In addition, it allows system installers<br />
| |
− | | |
− | easy, remote access to performance data if troubleshooting<br />
| |
− | is required. An increasing number of installers are including<br />
| |
− | Web-based monitoring during system installation for just this<br />
| |
− | reason.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | The two most common approaches for “pushing” PV<br />
| |
− | system data to the Web use equipment and services provided<br />
| |
− | | |
− | by the inverter manufacturer or use a third-party data<br />
| |
− | service provider. Some system integrators offer Web-based<br />
| |
− | monitoring options as well.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Inverter-to-Web.</b> Most batteryless grid-tie inverter<br />
| |
− | manufacturers have developed equipment for displaying PV<br />
| |
− | | |
− | system data on the Internet. With a moderate investment in<br />
| |
− | additional communications hardware, you can access system<br />
| |
− | data from any Internet-connected computer or handheld<br />
| |
− | mobile device. Some manufacturers also offer free data<br />
| |
− | hosting services.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Data can be accessed for free through the SunnyPortal site.
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www</i>.<b>homepower</b>.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>PV </b>monitoring
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>105
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>California’s<br />
| |
− | Production-Based<br />
| |
− | Incentive Programs
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | The majority of PV incentive programs in the United States<br />
| |
− | are capacity based, with an up-front financial incentive<br />
| |
− | | |
− | provided based on the size (in rated KW) of the installed<br />
| |
− | PV array. Although this approach can be attractive to home<br />
| |
− | and business owners because it lowers the initial expense of<br />
| |
− | investing in PV, it does not necessarily encourage optimal<br />
| |
− | system installation, maintenance, or performance.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | In 2007, California implemented a new production-based<br />
| |
− | | |
− | incentive (PBI) program that ties financial incentives to the<br />
| |
− | number of kilowatt-hours a system generates, rather than a<br />
| |
− | one-time up-front rebate. Not surprisingly, the PBI program<br />
| |
− | requires an independent third-party monitoring system (see<br />
| |
− | list below for approved monitoring systems). PV systems that<br />
| |
− | are larger than 10 KW and receive incentives from California’s<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Emerging Renewables Program also require the installation<br />
| |
− | of an approved production-monitoring solution. For updates<br />
| |
− | on California Solar Initiative-approved monitoring and<br />
| |
− | reporting services, visit: www.consumerenergycenter.org/<br />
| |
− | erprebate/monitors+rsp.html.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>CSS Technologies</b> • www.css-technologies.com
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Draker Solar Design </b>• www.drakersolar.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Energy Recommerce</b> • www.energyrecommerce.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Fat Spaniel Technologies</b> • www.fatspaniel.com
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Glu Networks</b> • www.glunetworks.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Meteocontrol</b> • www.meteocontrol.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>PowerNab</b> • www.powernab.com
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Pyramid Solar</b> • www.pyramidsolar.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Thompson Technology Industries</b> • www.thompsontec.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Inverter direct-to-Web connectivity requires an inverter<br />
| |
− | | |
− | with communications capability and, ideally, a high-speed<br />
| |
− | Internet connection—although most manufacturers can<br />
| |
− | facilitate communications with a dial-up service. The inverter<br />
| |
− | is connected to the Internet through a gateway, and the data<br />
| |
− | is sent to a server either hosted by the manufacturer or a third<br />
| |
− | party, where it is compiled and placed in graphical format for<br />
| |
− | | |
− | display. Some manufacturers offer additional services such as<br />
| |
− | monitoring environmental conditions or sending notifications<br />
| |
− | when abnormal or fault conditions occur.<br />
| |
− | Manufacturers that currently offer inverter-to-Web<br />
| |
− | solutions include Fronius, GridPoint, Kaco, Power-One, PV<br />
| |
− | Powered, SatCon, Solectria, SMA, and Xantrex. The level of<br />
| |
− | | |
− | sophistication varies from manufacturer to manufacturer, so<br />
| |
− | make sure to ask your installer what options are available, or<br />
| |
− | do your own research on the manufacturers’ Web sites.<br />
| |
− | If your PV incentive program does not require independent,<br />
| |
− | third-party energy production tracking, perhaps the simplest<br />
| |
− | and least expensive approach for pushing system data to the<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Web is to choose an inverter manufacturer that also offers<br />
| |
− | free data hosting. Several manufacturers, including Fronius,<br />
| |
− | Kaco, PV Powered, and SMA, currently offer this service, and<br />
| |
− | in the next few years it will likely become a standard feature<br />
| |
− | industry wide.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Kaco Solar has developed a Web-based monitoring solution<br />
| |
− | | |
− | that offers PV system fault notifications via e-mail, as well as<br />
| |
− | data hosting services.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Kaco Solar has partnered<br />
| |
− | with Meteocontrol and<br />
| |
− | Integrated Metering<br />
| |
− | Systems to develop<br />
| |
− | | |
− | the PBI Log, which has<br />
| |
− | been designed to meet<br />
| |
− | the performance-based<br />
| |
− | metering requirements<br />
| |
− | of the California Solar<br />
| |
− | Initiative.
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Third-Party Web-Based Monitoring Systems
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Vendor
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Web Site
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Data Collection Equipment
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Method*
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Local Data<br />
| |
− | Storage
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Off-Site<br />
| |
− | Server
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Residential
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Commercial
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Chuck Wright Consulting
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.cwc-das.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Dedicated datalogger<br />
| |
− | connects to external transducer, meter, or<br />
| |
− | inverter
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Inverter-direct or<br />
| |
− | independent
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>CSS Technologies
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.css-technologies.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Gateway & datalogger
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Inverter-direct or<br />
| |
− | independent
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Draker Solar Design
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.drakersolar.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Campbell Scientific datalogger<br />
| |
− | & sensor clusters
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Inverter-direct or<br />
| |
− | | |
− | independent
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Energy Recommerce
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.energyrecommerce.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Gateway & datalogger
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Inverter-direct
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Revenue-grade energy meter
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Independent
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Fat Spaniel Technologies
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.fatspaniel.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Gateway & datalogger
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Inverter-direct
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Gateway, datalogger, revenue-grade energy<br />
| |
− | meter
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Independent
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Glu Networks
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.glunetworks.com
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Gateway, datalogger, revenue-grade energy<br />
| |
− | meter
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Independent
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Heliotronics
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.heliotronics.com
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Datalogger & dedicated computer
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Independent
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Intellact
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.wattplot.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Dedicated computer
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Inverter-direct<br />
| |
− | (OutBack Mate)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Meteocontrol
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.meteocontrol.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Datalogger
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Independent
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>PowerNab
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.powernab.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Application control engine
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Inverter-direct or<br />
| |
− | independent
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Pyramid Solar
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.pyramidsolar.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Revenue-grade energy meter
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Inverter-direct<br />
| |
− | (SMA) or<br />
| |
− | independent
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>RightHand Engineering
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.righthandeng.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | SWCA for Xantrex SW inverter; Mate for<br />
| |
− | OutBack equipment
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Inverter-direct
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>rMeter
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.rmeter.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Datalogger
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Independent
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>SG Technologies
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.solar-guppy.com/forum
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Dedicated computer
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Inverter-direct<br />
| |
− | (Xantrex Suntie &<br />
| |
− | | |
− | GT)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Soltrex
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.soltrex.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Integrated datalogger & gateway
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Independent
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Thompson Technology<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Industries
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.thompsontec.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Utility-grade meter & datalogger
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Inverter-direct<br />
| |
− | (Satcon) or<br />
| |
− | | |
− | independent
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | *Inverter-direct: Collects data as measured by inverter. Independent: Collects data using stand-alone hardware.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Third-Party Solutions.</b> Third-party datalogging services<br />
| |
− | with Web hosting are another popular approach to Web-based<br />
| |
− | monitoring. These services typically involve a monthly or annual<br />
| |
− | service fee that is included in the base price. Once the initial service<br />
| |
− | time has expired, a periodic service fee will be applied.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | There are two main data collection methods: use a<br />
| |
− | computer to log system information and upload it to the<br />
| |
− | Internet, or use a gateway to continuously transfer data to<br />
| |
− | a remote server via the Internet. Most third-party systems<br />
| |
− | also give you the capability to monitor multiple pieces<br />
| |
− | of system performance data, independent of the inverter,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | that is compiled into a single stream of information to be<br />
| |
− | used by the host’s servers. If the connection between your<br />
| |
− | site and the host’s servers is lost, the on-site hardware will<br />
| |
− | store information and send it to the remote servers once the<br />
| |
− | connection is re-established.<br />
| |
− | Some third-party monitoring systems obtain data directly<br />
| |
− | | |
− | from the inverter’s internal protocol, which reduces the need<br />
| |
− | (and expense) of additional hardware. For systems that do not<br />
| |
− | communicate directly with the inverter, additional hardware to<br />
| |
− | capture the data is required. One common method is to use an
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b> / october & november 2007
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>106
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>PV </b>monitoring
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>GridPoint manufactures an integrated, battery-based line<br />
| |
− | of products that provide backup energy during grid failures.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Advanced Web-based monitoring is included.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Monitoring Advantages<br />
| |
− | for Commercial<br />
| |
− | Systems
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Including advanced performance-monitoring hardware<br />
| |
− | | |
− | with a PV system installation is becoming the standard for<br />
| |
− | commercial applications. Large commercial installations<br />
| |
− | are often technically complex, require significant capital<br />
| |
− | investment, and also offer a great public relations opportunity<br />
| |
− | for the system owner or owners.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Like residential systems, monitoring commercial PV<br />
| |
− | | |
− | systems can be done either locally or over the Internet.<br />
| |
− | The latter is more common, since it is easier to aggregate<br />
| |
− | the information and generate a useful format for system<br />
| |
− | owners, installers, and the public to view. As with residential<br />
| |
− | systems, commercial Web-based monitoring services can<br />
| |
− | be hosted by an independent, third-party service provider or<br />
| |
− | | |
− | directly by the inverter manufacturer. Collected data can be<br />
| |
− | routed to the Internet through the site’s existing computer<br />
| |
− | infrastructure or via a dedicated IT network.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | The most commonly monitored parameters include AC<br />
| |
− | power and AC energy production (daily, weekly, monthly, and<br />
| |
− | annual calculations). These are inexpensive to monitor and<br />
| |
− | | |
− | are included in standard packages. Options can be added to<br />
| |
− | monitor additional parameters such as local environmental<br />
| |
− | conditions (including ambient air temperature, PV cell<br />
| |
− | temperature, wind speed and direction, and irradiance)<br />
| |
− | and the building’s energy consumption. For large arrays,<br />
| |
− | the voltage and current of individual PV strings are often<br />
| |
− | | |
− | monitored to aid with troubleshooting. Each subarray is<br />
| |
− | brought into a combiner box through a current transducer,<br />
| |
− | which is connected to the datalogger, allowing the system<br />
| |
− | installer to remotely diagnose component-level problems.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Many commercial installations include an informational display<br />
| |
− | in a prominent location to make the PV system more visible to<br />
| |
− | | |
− | employees and customers. Displays can range from a single<br />
| |
− | monitor showing only a few pieces of PV system production<br />
| |
− | information to interactive kiosks that allow individuals to<br />
| |
− | select from different menus to access detailed reports about<br />
| |
− | the PV system’s production and components.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Automated notifications of PV system performance anomalies<br />
| |
− | | |
− | sent via e-mail, fax, or text message are commonly found<br />
| |
− | in commercial monitoring systems. The alerts can notify<br />
| |
− | users about reduced power output, problems with a particular<br />
| |
− | section of the array, or even<br />
| |
− | a specific fault code from<br />
| |
− | the inverter. These alerts<br />
| |
− | | |
− | allow remote management<br />
| |
− | and maintenance of the PV<br />
| |
− | system, minimizing system<br />
| |
− | downtime.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Third-Party Web-Based Monitoring Systems
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Vendor
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Web Site
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Data Collection Equipment
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Method*
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Local Data<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Storage
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Off-Site<br />
| |
− | Server
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Residential
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Commercial
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Chuck Wright Consulting
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.cwc-das.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Dedicated datalogger<br />
| |
− | connects to external transducer, meter, or<br />
| |
− | inverter
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Inverter-direct or<br />
| |
− | independent
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>CSS Technologies
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.css-technologies.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Gateway & datalogger
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Inverter-direct or<br />
| |
− | independent
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Draker Solar Design
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.drakersolar.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Campbell Scientific datalogger<br />
| |
− | | |
− | & sensor clusters
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Inverter-direct or<br />
| |
− | independent
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Energy Recommerce
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.energyrecommerce.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Gateway & datalogger
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Inverter-direct
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Revenue-grade energy meter
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Independent
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Fat Spaniel Technologies
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.fatspaniel.com
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Gateway & datalogger
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Inverter-direct
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Gateway, datalogger, revenue-grade energy<br />
| |
− | meter
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Independent
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Glu Networks
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.glunetworks.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Gateway, datalogger, revenue-grade energy<br />
| |
− | meter
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Independent
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Heliotronics
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.heliotronics.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Datalogger & dedicated computer
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Independent
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Intellact
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.wattplot.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Dedicated computer
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Inverter-direct<br />
| |
− | (OutBack Mate)
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Meteocontrol
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.meteocontrol.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Datalogger
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Independent
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>PowerNab
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.powernab.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Application control engine
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Inverter-direct or<br />
| |
− | independent
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Pyramid Solar
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.pyramidsolar.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Revenue-grade energy meter
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Inverter-direct<br />
| |
− | (SMA) or<br />
| |
− | independent
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>RightHand Engineering
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.righthandeng.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SWCA for Xantrex SW inverter; Mate for<br />
| |
− | OutBack equipment
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Inverter-direct
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>rMeter
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.rmeter.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Datalogger
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Independent
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>SG Technologies
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.solar-guppy.com/forum
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Dedicated computer
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Inverter-direct<br />
| |
− | (Xantrex Suntie &<br />
| |
− | GT)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Soltrex
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.soltrex.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Integrated datalogger & gateway
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Independent
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Thompson Technology<br />
| |
− | Industries
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.thompsontec.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Utility-grade meter & datalogger
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Inverter-direct<br />
| |
− | (Satcon) or<br />
| |
− | independent
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | *Inverter-direct: Collects data as measured by inverter. Independent: Collects data using stand-alone hardware.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>PV </b>monitoring
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>107
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www</i>.<b>homepower</b>.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | independent, Internet-ready utility-grade meter connected to<br />
| |
− | the inverter’s output to measure power and energy production.<br />
| |
− | If your incentive program includes production-based incentives<br />
| |
− | | |
− | or renewable energy credits, inverter-independent monitoring<br />
| |
− | is usually required to provide accurate tracking of every<br />
| |
− | kilowatt-hour your system produces.<br />
| |
− | The number of components and sensors required by<br />
| |
− | third-party, Web-based monitoring systems varies depending<br />
| |
− | on the amount of information you wish to record. When<br />
| |
− | | |
− | shopping for a monitoring system, ask what components are<br />
| |
− | standard and if your particular application will require add-<br />
| |
− | on components or sensors that will increase the total cost.<br />
| |
− | Most programs can also incorporate weather data and keep<br />
| |
− | track of the building’s energy consumption. Other features<br />
| |
− | may include sending alerts when abnormal conditions arise<br />
| |
− | | |
− | and issuing regular production summaries.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Surfing for Solar Data
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Web-based or local computer monitoring is not usually<br />
| |
− | considered a “must have” for residential, grid-tied PV systems<br />
| |
− | unless your incentive program is production-based and
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Energy Recommerce<br />
| |
− | manufactures UL-listed,<br />
| |
− | data-ready combiner<br />
| |
− | boxes that allow the<br />
| |
− | performance of individual<br />
| |
− | array series strings to be<br />
| |
− | | |
− | monitored remotely.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | requires it. But if you are interested in a precise look at how<br />
| |
− | your system functions and performs, and want convenient<br />
| |
− | access to the data, Web-based monitoring is a great option.<br />
| |
− | In addition, it will give your system installer the information<br />
| |
− | they need to remotely troubleshoot problems if they occur.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | For commercial systems, Web-based monitoring is rapidly<br />
| |
− | becoming the standard. Compared to residential systems,<br />
| |
− | commercial systems are more complex and have a significantly<br />
| |
− | higher capital investment. As equipment and software<br />
| |
− | development continue to progress, it is likely that in the next<br />
| |
− | few years the majority of grid-tied systems will include remote<br />
| |
− | | |
− | monitoring via the Web—commercial and residential alike.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Access
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Ryan Mayfield (ryan_mayfield@earthlink.net) earned<br />
| |
− | a degree in environmental engineering from Humboldt<br />
| |
− | State University and now lives in Corvallis, Oregon. He<br />
| |
− | | |
− | has been working in the RE field since 1999 and founded<br />
| |
− | Mayfield Solar Design, focusing on PV system design,<br />
| |
− | implementation, and industry-related training. He holds a<br />
| |
− | Limited Renewable Energy Technician license in Oregon.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b> / october & november 2007
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>108
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>PV </b>monitoring
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Fat Spaniel Technologies’ Web-based monitoring solutions<br />
| |
− | provide user-friendly graphical representations.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Draker Solar Design specializes in Internet-based monitoring for<br />
| |
− | commercial-scale PV systems.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www</i>.homepower.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 109
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Specializing in Independent Electric Power for the Remote Home where<br />
| |
− | utility power is not available. For 30 years, your questions have been<br />
| |
− | personally answered by the good folks at Backwoods Solar that use these<br />
| |
− | products everyday. Each Backwoods Solar employee owns and operates<br />
| |
− | an off-grid home powered by the solar, wind, and/or micro-hydro<br />
| |
− | systems offered in our catalog. We know what works and how it works!<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Our catalog/planning guide teaches the basics of installing solar, wind<br />
| |
− | and hydro electric residential power and we offer free system design<br />
| |
− | service either by telephone, email, or your visit to Backwoods.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Visit us or write:<br />
| |
− | Backwoods Solar Electric Systems,<br />
| |
− | 1589-HP Rapid Lightning Creek Rd,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Sandpoint, Idaho 83864 USA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>BACKWOODS
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Solar Electric Systems
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>For an earth restored and a world at peace.
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Solar • Wind • Hydro
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Phone: (208) 263-4290 • Fax only (208) 265-4788<br />
| |
− | Website: www.backwoodssolar.com<br />
| |
− | Email: info@backwoodssolar.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>185 PAGE<br />
| |
− | CATALOG / PLANNING GUIDE<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Free to Home Power readers<br />
| |
− | in the U.S.A.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>BACKWOODS
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>SOLAR ELECTRIC SYSTEMS
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>SPIN YOUR ELECTRIC METER BACKWARDS WITH SOLAR ENERGY !
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>We'll beat any advertised in stock price on our same top<br />
| |
− | of the line solar electric systems or your system is free !
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Visit www.solarhome.com or call 1-888-647-6527 and<br />
| |
− | tell your electric company to take a rate hike !
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Are You Still Paying An Electric Bill ?
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Why not reduce or even eliminate your electric bill and have the government<br />
| |
− | help you to do it with <b>up to </b>a $2,<b>5</b>00.00 per kilowatt cash rebate and a<br />
| |
− | $2,000.00 tax credit !
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Our top of the line solar systems are priced thousands of<br />
| |
− | | |
− | dollars less than the competition !
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | home power 121 / october & november 2007
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 110
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.blueoakenergy.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>THE HOMERUN COMBINER BOX
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | TM
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 8-POLE
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4-POLE
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 12-POLE
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Our large combiner boxes set the<br />
| |
− | standard for commercial-scale<br />
| |
− | PV installations.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Now, we are pleased to introduce<br />
| |
− | a 4-pole combiner box for the<br />
| |
− | | |
− | residential installer.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Built solid,
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Built solid, by electricians for<br />
| |
− | electricians.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Please visit www.blueoakenergy.com for actual sizes, specifications and installation guides.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>TM
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Free Energy Forever
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | A Ray of Power from Aten.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Now shipping and integrating a-si ATPV-40/42 watt modules for residential, business, and sun farm projects.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Lowest prices and most positive energy payback than any other solar provider in the industry.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 705 Brinley Ave. • Bradley Beach, NJ 07720<br />
| |
− | Tel 800-310-7271 Fax 732-782-0350<br />
| |
− | Email info@atensolar.com Web www.atensolar.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Frameless Modules!
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Get Solar Access and Shading Data On-Site with the Touch of a Button!
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>To purchase, contact 1-800-967-6917<br />
| |
− | or www.dcpower-systems.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>The Solmetric SunEye
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>is all you need.
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | •<b> Integrated fish-eye lens and digital camera<br />
| |
− | </b>•<b> Instant on-site sunpath images and bar charts<br />
| |
− | </b>•<b> Accounts for panel tilt and orientation<br />
| |
− | | |
− | </b>•<b> Simulates removal of shade-causing obstructions<br />
| |
− | </b>•<b> Automatically generate reports and archive data<br />
| |
− | </b>•<b> Fully compliant with EPBB rebate requirements
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>™
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>New SunEye
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>GPS Module
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | •<b> Automatic location detection for each skyline<br />
| |
− | </b>•<b> Easily add to existing SunEyes in field
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>™
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>www.solmetric.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www</i>.homepower.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 111
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>The TriMetric
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Model 2020
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>BATTERY SYSTEM<br />
| |
− | MONITOR
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Displays vital battery system data to help users<br />
| |
− | provide better battery care, increase conservation<br />
| |
− | awareness and aid system maintenance.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>• Volts • Amps • Amp-hours • Min/Max volts<br />
| |
− | • Days since charged • Battery % full<br />
| |
− | • Remote locatable • About $169
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Bogart Engineering • (831) 338-0616
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>www.bogartengineering.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>19020 Two Bar Rd. Boulder Creek, CA 95006 USA
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Bogart Engineering • (831) 338-0616
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>www.bogartengineering.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>19020 Two Bar Rd. Boulder Creek, CA 95006 USA
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>The PentaMetricwith more capability
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | When an offgrid system is first<br />
| |
− | installed everything usually starts<br />
| |
− | | |
− | out working OK. But after awhile<br />
| |
− | it may not work quite like it used<br />
| |
− | to. Bad battery cell? Solar panel<br />
| |
− | developed a problem? You can<br />
| |
− | download the last few weeks of<br />
| |
− | logged data to your computer and<br />
| |
− | | |
− | compare it to data recorded earlier<br />
| |
− | when everything was working<br />
| |
− | OK. Or email the file to some<br />
| |
− | other “expert” who can analyze it<br />
| |
− | without even coming to your home.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>On our website download the document: “ How to graph
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>and analyze renewable energy system performance using
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>the PentaMetric logged data”.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | The PentaMetric system with computer interface only is about<br />
| |
− | $320. LCD Display unit (above) additional $199.<br />
| |
− | See website for more information.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Data logging, five customizable buttons and displays,<br />
| |
− | audible/visual alarms, three “amps” input channels,<br />
| |
− | relay control, computer interface
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Is data logging really useful<br />
| |
− | in a system monitor?
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>U.S. Battery offers the perfect solution<br />
| |
− | for all of your alternative energy�<br />
| |
− | storage requirements
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>U.S. Battery offers the perfect solution<br />
| |
− | for all of your alternative energy�<br />
| |
− | | |
− | storage requirements
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | �<br />
| |
− | �<br />
| |
− | �
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | �<br />
| |
− | | |
− | �<br />
| |
− | �
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Maximum capacity
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Maximum life
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Minimum service
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Maximum capacity
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Maximum life
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Minimum service
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | halfpage_08-2005 2/6/07 11:07 AM Page 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | torque is needed to loosen and tighten large terminals,<br />
| |
− | slipping screwdrivers and wrenches are possible. Tools<br />
| |
− | should be insulated, and insulated gloves (lineworker’s<br />
| |
− | gloves) and a protective face shield should be worn while<br />
| |
− | working in the meter socket. Touching those “hot” input<br />
| |
− | meter jaws could electrocute you.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | The maximum output current from the PV system should<br />
| |
− | be no greater than the rating of the service entrance. Careful<br />
| |
− | consideration should be given to conductor sizes if the PV AC<br />
| |
− | output current approaches the rating of the service entrance.<br />
| |
− | Table 310.15(B)(6) for reduced conductor sizes may no longer<br />
| |
− | apply to a very large PV system. For larger systems, the basic<br />
| |
− | | |
− | ampacities found in Table 310.16 may have to be used. Since<br />
| |
− | these service-entrance tap conductors have no overcurrent<br />
| |
− | protection, they should be as short as possible and be installed<br />
| |
− | in a metal conduit (RMC, EMT, or IMC). The local jurisdiction<br />
| |
− | may have requirements for protecting the service-entrance<br />
| |
− | conductors that need to be followed for these tap conductors.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | I do not believe the “tap rules” in Article 240 apply to service-<br />
| |
− | entrance taps since these taps are fully addressed in Article 230.<br />
| |
− | As for other locations, some existing service-entrance<br />
| |
− | disconnects and meter cabinets have an additional set of<br />
| |
− | terminals that are in parallel with the input connections to the<br />
| |
− | main breaker. These are located to allow the main disconnect<br />
| |
− | | |
− | enclosure to be easily fed from either the top or bottom of the<br />
| |
− | enclosure.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Some combination meter socket/main disconnect<br />
| |
− | enclosures have the meter socket on one side and the<br />
| |
− | disconnects on the other side of the enclosure. Busbars or<br />
| |
− | cables connect the meter socket to the main breaker. After<br />
| |
− | | |
− | getting the approval of the enclosure manufacturer and the<br />
| |
− | local inspector, it may be possible to tap these circuits with<br />
| |
− | either bolt-on terminals for the busbars or splicing blocks for<br />
| |
− | the cables. However, normally, busbars may not be drilled<br />
| |
− | and tapped to add terminals for a tap.<br />
| |
− | Safety for ourselves as installers, for the utility, and for the<br />
| |
− | | |
− | system owner/operator should be primary considerations.<br />
| |
− | Any work on electrical service-entrance conductors must be<br />
| |
− | done only when those electrical conductors are de-energized.<br />
| |
− | That usually involves notifying the utility and having them<br />
| |
− | turn off all power to the building or structure. Although some<br />
| |
− | electricians will work with “hot” (energized) conductors, this<br />
| |
− | | |
− | procedure is strongly discouraged. As the old saying goes,<br />
| |
− | “There are old electricians. There are bold electricians. But there are<br />
| |
− | no old, bold electricians.”
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>I’m working on a large grid-tied PV installation<br />
| |
− | and could use some advice on connecting the<br />
| |
− | system to the utility. It’s too large to connect via<br />
| |
− | | |
− | a backfed breaker on the existing 200-amp load center,<br />
| |
− | so what other options exist? I have read the Code Corner<br />
| |
− | in HP112 about supply-side taps, but I could use some<br />
| |
− | additional guidance. I am a master electrician, and have<br />
| |
− | installed few PV systems.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Existing load centers may not have enough room<br />
| |
− | | |
− | to make the necessary connections. The National<br />
| |
− | Electrical Code (NEC) limits the number of conductors<br />
| |
− | and splicing devices that can be in any space (Articles 312<br />
| |
− | and 408). The photo below shows an overcrowded disconnect<br />
| |
− | enclosure that does not meet NEC requirements. Even when the<br />
| |
− | conductors between a separate meter and the main disconnect<br />
| |
− | | |
− | enclosure are accessible, they should not be tapped there<br />
| |
− | unless an enclosure is<br />
| |
− | added to hold the tap<br />
| |
− | device.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | In places where<br />
| |
− | net-metering laws are<br />
| |
− | | |
− | in effect, the utility-<br />
| |
− | side (supply-side)<br />
| |
− | interconnection will<br />
| |
− | be made between the<br />
| |
− | meter and the main<br />
| |
− | service disconnect. In<br />
| |
− | | |
− | that case, the utility<br />
| |
− | will need to remove<br />
| |
− | the meter from the<br />
| |
− | socket (meter base)<br />
| |
− | to de-energize the<br />
| |
− | service
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | entrance
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | conductors.<br />
| |
− | If the point of<br />
| |
− | connection is to be the load-side terminals of the meter<br />
| |
− | socket (only when double conductors on these terminals<br />
| |
− | | |
− | are allowed by the socket listing), extreme caution must<br />
| |
− | be exercised when connecting the new conductors to these<br />
| |
− | terminals. The utility-energized (“hot”) input terminals and<br />
| |
− | meter socket jaws are in the same socket and are only a few<br />
| |
− | inches away from each other. Those energized terminals<br />
| |
− | should be covered with a heavy, insulated, protective shield<br />
| |
− | | |
− | so that they cannot be touched accidentally. Because high
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | home power 121 / october & november 2007
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 112
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | code corner
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Q
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Code Q & A
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>John Wiles
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | A
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>What is the best way to ground the frame of a<br />
| |
− | photovoltaic module?
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | This is an apparently simple question, with a complex<br />
| |
− | answer. When exposed to sunlight, PV arrays can<br />
| |
− | | |
− | generate dangerous levels of voltage (up to 600 volts)<br />
| |
− | and current. The frames of these modules must be effectively<br />
| |
− | and continually grounded to earth to prevent electrical shocks<br />
| |
− | and to reduce fire hazards from stray ground-fault currents.<br />
| |
− | When ground faults occur in a PV system, these currents<br />
| |
− | may circulate indefinitely under certain conditions. Unlike a<br />
| |
− | | |
− | ground fault in an AC power system, which is interrupted<br />
| |
− | immediately, a DC ground fault may exist whenever the<br />
| |
− | module is illuminated. In larger commercial (nonresidential)<br />
| |
− | systems, the ground-fault detection system does not interrupt<br />
| |
− | these currents. The connections that are used for grounding<br />
| |
− | PV modules may have to be as robust as those used for the<br />
| |
− | | |
− | circuit conductors.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Grounding PV modules is complicated by several factors.<br />
| |
− | A typical aluminum-framed PV module has a clear or colored<br />
| |
− | anodizing on its surface that must be removed or breached<br />
| |
− | for good electrical contact. When these coatings are removed,<br />
| |
− | the bare aluminum will oxidize very quickly (in seconds) and<br />
| |
− | | |
− | build up an insulating film that also prevents good electrical<br />
| |
− | contacts. Plus, the copper equipment-grounding conductor<br />
| |
− | must not come directly into contact with the aluminum<br />
| |
− | surface, since galvanic corrosion between these two dissimilar<br />
| |
− | metals will occur, eventually resulting in a failed connection.<br />
| |
− | Unfortunately, although inspectors have been providing<br />
| |
− | | |
− | examples of failed grounding methods and devices, the<br />
| |
− | grounding hardware and instructions provided by PV module<br />
| |
− | manufacturers have not yet been tested and evaluated by<br />
| |
− | Underwriters Laboratories (UL). Under pressure from the<br />
| |
− | PV industry and the electrical inspection community, UL<br />
| |
− | now has undertaken a major investigation of PV module<br />
| |
− | | |
− | grounding. However, the results of the UL investigation are<br />
| |
− | not yet known.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Based on discussions with grounding-lug manufacturer<br />
| |
− | FCI–Burndy and using utility company procedures to<br />
| |
− | connect copper wires to aluminum busbars in an outdoor<br />
| |
− | environment, I’m employing the following procedure to<br />
| |
− | | |
− | make equipment-grounding connections to module frames.<br />
| |
− | These procedures are used only when they do not directly<br />
| |
− | contradict manufacturer’s instructions provided with the<br />
| |
− | listed module.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | At one of the marked grounding points on the module<br />
| |
− | frame, an abrasive material like emery cloth is used to<br />
| |
− | | |
− | remove the clear coat, anodizing, and aluminum oxide from<br />
| |
− | the surface where the ground lug will contact the aluminum<br />
| |
− | surface. Immediately, a thick layer of antioxidant compound<br />
| |
− | is applied to the exposed aluminum surface. Any excess<br />
| |
− | compound will be squeezed out when the lug is bolted in<br />
| |
− | place. A tin-plated, solid-copper, direct-burial-rated lay-in<br />
| |
− | | |
− | lug is used to connect a copper conductor to the exposed<br />
| |
− | aluminum frame.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | A bolt, nut, two flat washers, two split-lock washers and<br />
| |
− | a Belleville (cupped spring) washer are used to bolt the lug<br />
| |
− | to the frame. The flat washers are used to prevent the hard
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | steel split-lock washers and Belleville washers from digging<br />
| |
− | into the relatively soft copper and aluminum. The split-lock<br />
| |
− | washers and the Belleville washer are used to maintain the<br />
| |
− | assembly under the correct tension. Use a calibrated torque<br />
| |
− | screwdriver set to 12 to 15 inch–pounds (depending on<br />
| |
− | the type of bolt) to ensure a reliable connection. A copper<br />
| |
− | | |
− | conductor (generally from #12 to #4) is attached to this lug.<br />
| |
− | The size of the conductor depends on the electrical grounding<br />
| |
− | requirements, the need for physical protection, and the<br />
| |
− | requirements of the local inspecting agency.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Other Questions or Comments?
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | If you have questions about the NEC or the implementation<br />
| |
− | of PV systems that follow the requirements of the NEC, feel<br />
| |
− | free to call, fax, e-mail, or write me at the location below. See<br />
| |
− | the SWTDI Web site (below) for more detailed articles on<br />
| |
− | these subjects. The U.S. Department of Energy sponsors my<br />
| |
− | activities in this area as a support function to the PV industry<br />
| |
− | | |
− | under Contract DE-FC 36-05-G015149.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Access
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | John Wiles (jwiles@nmsu.edu) works at the Southwest<br />
| |
− | Technology Development Institute, which provides<br />
| |
− | engineering support to the PV industry and provides<br />
| |
− | | |
− | industry, electrical contractors, electricians, and electrical<br />
| |
− | inspectors with information on code issues related to<br />
| |
− | PV systems. An old solar pioneer, he lives in his utility-<br />
| |
− | interactive PV-powered home in the suburbs.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Sandia National Laboratories, Ward Bower, Sandia National<br />
| |
− | Laboratories, Dept. 6218, MS 0753, Albuquerque, NM
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 87185 • 505-844-5206 • Fax: 505-844-6541 •<br />
| |
− | wibower@sandia.gov • www.sandia.gov/pv • Sponsor
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Southwest Technology Development Institute, New Mexico<br />
| |
− | State Univ., Box 30,001/ MSC 3 SOLAR, Las Cruces, NM<br />
| |
− | 88003 • www.nmsu.edu/~tdi
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | The 2005 National Electrical Code and the NEC Handbook<br />
| |
− | are available from the National Fire Protection Association<br />
| |
− | (NFPA) • 800-344-3555 or 508-895-8300 • www.nfpa.org
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www</i>.homepower.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | code corner
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 113
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Q
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | A
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Upcoming Online Courses
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | PV DESIGN:
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Oct. 22 - Nov. 30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ADVANCED PV:
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Oct. 29 - Dec. 7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | SUSTAINABLE<br />
| |
− | HOME DESIGN:
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Oct. 29 - Dec. 7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Nicaragua: Renewable Energy for the Developing World: Nov 12 - 17<br />
| |
− | Costa Rica: Renewable Energy for the Developing World: Jan 21 - 27, 2008<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Costa Rica: Solar Electricity for the Developing World: Feb 2 - 10, 2008<br />
| |
− | Ecuador: Ecology, Permaculture & Renewable Energy: March 6 - 13<br />
| |
− | Mexico: Appropriate Technology for the Developing World: April 2008
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Also...Upcoming Workshops in Latin America!
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Renewable Energy Education for a Sustainable Future
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Workshop Schedule Available Online
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>www.solarenergy.org
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>“The spectacular synergy of the instructors made for
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>an unforgettable week chock full of useful info one
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>cannot nd elsewhere on this continent: Info to
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>spread in the quest for clean energy and dignity.”
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SOLAR ENERGY<br />
| |
− | INTERNATIONAL
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SEI
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | PO BOX 715
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Carbondale CO, 81623
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.solarenergy.org
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 970.963.8855
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>S E I H A N D S - O N<br />
| |
− | W O R K S H O P S
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>SEI Renewable Energy Workshops:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>-PV Design and Installation
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>-Straw Bale Construction
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>-Sustainable Home Design
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>-Home-Built Wind Generators
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>-Renewable Energy for the Developing World
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>-Advanced Photovoltaics
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>-Plaster for Natural Homes
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>-Solar Water Pumping
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>-Solar Hot Water
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>-Biodiesel
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>-Wind Power
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>-Solar and Radiant Heating
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Over 20 years
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | experience in
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | RE training
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>- 2007 SEI Workshop Participant
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www</i>.<b>homepower</b>.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>115
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <br />
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <br />
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <br />
| |
− | <br />
| |
− | | |
− | <br />
| |
− | <br />
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <br />
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <br />
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <br />
| |
− | | |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <br />
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <br />
| |
− | <br />
| |
− | <br />
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <br />
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <br />
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | using appropriate lugs and wire, to the equipment ground of<br />
| |
− | | |
− | the system.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | UniRac’s ground clips work similarly to the WEEBs,<br />
| |
− | with the clip being sandwiched between the rack frame and<br />
| |
− | the module frame. When the module frame’s hold-down is<br />
| |
− | tightened, the piercing teeth complete the ground connection<br />
| |
− | between the module frame and the rack frame.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Neater, Cheaper PV Installations
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | These new systems offer the potential for better-looking<br />
| |
− | installations—and labor and material savings, since<br />
| |
− | installation is usually quicker and the need for copper wire is<br />
| |
− | reduced. Reports from the field estimate that these products<br />
| |
− | | |
− | can reduce time spent grounding arrays by approximately<br />
| |
− | 50 percent.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | August Goers, an installer with Luminalt in San Francisco,<br />
| |
− | reports that “the clips drastically reduce installation time<br />
| |
− | and cost because we can complete the entire racking ground<br />
| |
− | system before placing the modules. It also reduces the amount<br />
| |
− | | |
− | of tin-coated copper lugs used.”<br />
| |
− | But others say that time and cost reductions really depend<br />
| |
− | on the installation specifics. “Our first ‘try-it-out’ WEEB<br />
| |
− | installation was a big off-grid job, involving twenty-seven<br />
| |
− | BP160 modules on three trackers,” says Allan Sindelar of<br />
| |
− | Positive Energy in Santa Fe, New Mexico. “[Using the WEEB<br />
| |
− | | |
− | method] turned out to be not much of a cost or labor savings<br />
| |
− | because of the multiple tracker layout. But a later installation<br />
| |
− | of 40 roof-mount modules as four rows of ten modules made<br />
| |
− | for a significant wire and labor savings.”
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Grounding metal enclosures, raceways, module frames,<br />
| |
− | and mounting structures in electrical systems provides<br />
| |
− | | |
− | essential protection from electrical shock and fire. The<br />
| |
− | National Electrical Code (NEC) dictates the basic methods for<br />
| |
− | accomplishing this safety requirement. For PV arrays, an<br />
| |
− | often-used method of meeting this requirement is to run a<br />
| |
− | ground wire from each PV module frame, and connect it to<br />
| |
− | the racking system and to the electrical system’s equipment-<br />
| |
− | | |
− | grounding conductor (see this issue’s Code Corner for a<br />
| |
− | discussion of this method). For system installers, this method<br />
| |
− | adds time and expense to the installation.<br />
| |
− | But in 2006, two manufacturers introduced new<br />
| |
− | Underwriters Laboratories-listed grounding products that<br />
| |
− | eliminate the need to run a wire to each module frame.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Both Wiley Electronics’ WEEB (washer, electrical equipment<br />
| |
− | bond) product and UniRac’s grounding clips are listed to UL<br />
| |
− | Standard 467, which covers bonding washers and grounding<br />
| |
− | devices. In addition, Sharp Solar recently introduced their<br />
| |
− | SRS racking system with integral module grounding, though<br />
| |
− | UL approval is still pending.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | WEEB’s grounding method uses a special stainless-steel<br />
| |
− | bonding washer. The washer has piercing teeth on both sides,<br />
| |
− | situated so that when the washer is placed between the module<br />
| |
− | frame and the racking system, a water- and airtight, sealed<br />
| |
− | electrical connection between the module frame and racking is<br />
| |
− | created. Tightening the module hold-down nuts to the required<br />
| |
− | | |
− | torque is critical to making a good ground connection when<br />
| |
− | using these devices. The racking structure is then connected,
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b> / october & november 2007
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>116
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>independent </b>power providers
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>New Grounding<br />
| |
− | Options
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Mounting Rail
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Solar Module Frame
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>WEEB Tooth:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Pierces through the<br />
| |
− | anodized coating to<br />
| |
− | obtain electrical contact<br />
| |
− | | |
− | between mounting rail<br />
| |
− | and solar module frame
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>by Don Loweburg
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>PV Module Guides
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Nib
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>UniRac’s grounding clip is designed for use with their<br />
| |
− | SolarMount array racking system.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Detail of Wiley Electronics’ WEEB grounding product.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Code Contentions
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Not all installers and PV professionals are comfortable with<br />
| |
− | the use of grounding washers. William Miller of Miller Power<br />
| |
− | and Communications in Atascadero, California, expresses<br />
| |
− | his concern around the fact that modern grid-connected PV<br />
| |
− | systems operate at up to 600 volts DC, posing an extreme<br />
| |
− | hazard if the system isn’t adequately grounded.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Thomas W. Bowes, assistant director of the Detroit<br />
| |
− | JATC (an IBEW union training center) and PV installation<br />
| |
− | instructor, shares Miller’s concern. In his recently published<br />
| |
− | paper, Bowes cites several sections of the NEC that could be<br />
| |
− | interpreted to cast doubt on the use of grounding washers<br />
| |
− | (see Access).
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | “Even though this method (grounding washers) is<br />
| |
− | available, it is rarely used in the field because of the difficulties<br />
| |
− | in establishing and maintaining a solid, low-impedance<br />
| |
− | grounding connection between electrical devices and their<br />
| |
− | associated mounting racks,” says Bowes in his report. “In fact,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | general practice in the industry is to require a properly sized<br />
| |
− | copper equipment-grounding conductor instead of any other<br />
| |
− | means recognized by the NEC.” Bowes says he favors the use<br />
| |
− | of a ground wire because this is the general practice, industry-<br />
| |
− | wide, and that this method has been reliable. He questions<br />
| |
− | the ability of other methods to establish and maintain a solid,
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | low-impedance grounding connection. He does not, however,<br />
| |
− | cite any NEC sections that specifically prohibit the use of<br />
| |
− | grounding washers.<br />
| |
− | Brian Wiley, developer of WEEB, responded to Bowes’s<br />
| |
− | assertions (see Access). In his response, Wiley engages<br />
| |
− | | |
− | in a bit of the “code dance” with Bowes by stating his<br />
| |
− | interpretations of the NEC articles that allow ground washers.<br />
| |
− | The most convincing part of Wiley’s response is his report<br />
| |
− | of the actual tests performed as part of the UL 467 listing<br />
| |
− | process. According to Wiley, “WEEB products are certified<br />
| |
− | to carry a current of 1,530 amps for 6 seconds…results [that]<br />
| |
− | | |
− | have been tested by Intertek ETL, a nationally recognized<br />
| |
− | testing laboratory.” He also points to WEEB’s “long-term<br />
| |
− | reliability,” citing accelerated lifetime tests conducted in-<br />
| |
− | house in which the WEEB product was subjected to thermal<br />
| |
− | cycle tests and salt water environment tests that “indicate<br />
| |
− | exceptional reliability,” especially when compared to the<br />
| |
− | | |
− | lay-in lug method.<br />
| |
− | Phil Crosby, product development manager at UniRac,<br />
| |
− | says that UniRac’s grounding clips have undergone similar<br />
| |
− | rigorous testing by the company. According to Crosby, the<br />
| |
− | washers tested as good as or better than other approved<br />
| |
− | grounding methods.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | But Bowes says that “it is one thing to do a bench<br />
| |
− | evaluation of a product under ideal conditions in a controlled<br />
| |
− | environment, but something quite different to consider the<br />
| |
− | field application of the product and try to examine it in light<br />
| |
− | of how it will actually be used.”<br />
| |
− | Proposed code changes to NEC Section 690.43, Equipment<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Grounding (Revised), due in 2008, seek to clarify this<br />
| |
− | contention. The salient change that would specifically speak<br />
| |
− | to using ground washers would read, “Devices listed and<br />
| |
− | identified for grounding the metallic frames of PV modules<br />
| |
− | are permitted to ground the exposed metallic frames of PV<br />
| |
− | modules to grounded mounting structures.”
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Grounding Details
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Most parties do agree on one particular safety issue that<br />
| |
− | may arise with either the traditional lay-in lug or the new<br />
| |
− | clip-grounding approaches. Ground faults can occur if a<br />
| |
− | module frame becomes energized due to faulty equipment or<br />
| |
− | | |
− | installation work. When removing a ground-faulted module<br />
| |
− | from an energized PV array, an extreme shock hazard will<br />
| |
− | exist if the module equipment ground is removed before the<br />
| |
− | power wiring is opened.<br />
| |
− | This is a major safety concern, but it has nothing to<br />
| |
− | do with grounding methods. Rather, this safety issue is<br />
| |
− | | |
− | directly a result of the fact that PV modules cannot be easily<br />
| |
− | turned off. This reality must be understood and respected<br />
| |
− | by all installers. The solution requires safe work practices<br />
| |
− | and knowledgeable, experienced installers. All module<br />
| |
− | manufacturers, in their instructions, require modules to be<br />
| |
− | covered during service. As an extra precaution, a separate,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | temporary ground jumper can be attached to the module<br />
| |
− | frame and rack before the module is lifted from the rack and<br />
| |
− | disconnected from the power circuit wiring. Because safety<br />
| |
− | is paramount, servicing PV systems and arrays should only<br />
| |
− | be done by qualified persons.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www</i>.<b>homepower</b>.com
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>independent </b>power providers
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>117
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Introducing<br />
| |
− | Inspectors to<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Innovations
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Inspectors are trained to look for an equipment<br />
| |
− | ground wire connected to each module frame during<br />
| |
− | field inspections, so it is prudent to clearly document<br />
| |
− | your intention to use any new grounding approach.<br />
| |
− | Installers planning to use grounding washer products<br />
| |
− | | |
− | should include explicit reference to the grounding<br />
| |
− | method in their plans. This can be done with a note<br />
| |
− | on the electrical one-line diagram that is required for<br />
| |
− | most projects. Also include installation instructions<br />
| |
− | for the grounding washer, UL listing information, and<br />
| |
− | a copy of the module installation directions.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Few module manufacturers explicitly allow bonding<br />
| |
− | washers in their instructions. By providing advance<br />
| |
− | notice to the inspector and full documentation before<br />
| |
− | the inspection, my experience is that there will be no<br />
| |
− | grounding corrections from the inspection. I’ve been<br />
| |
− | | |
− | successful gaining approval from the inspectors in all<br />
| |
− | four of the local jurisdictions (Central California) in<br />
| |
− | which I work.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Installer August Goers says he’s had similar<br />
| |
− | experiences. “We work mainly in San Francisco, which<br />
| |
− | has very strict grounding policies. When obtaining<br />
| |
− | | |
− | the permit for our first job with the UniRac clips<br />
| |
− | we brought in a sample UniRac rail, ground clip,<br />
| |
− | and module clamp for the head inspector to see. He<br />
| |
− | approved our use of the product and we haven’t had<br />
| |
− | any problems with inspectors.”
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b> / october & november 2007
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>118
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Moving Forward
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | The future of the PV industry depends on the safety and<br />
| |
− | reliability of installed systems. Manufacturers, installers, and<br />
| |
− | inspectors must continually strive for high standards. And<br />
| |
− | | |
− | although intelligent, well-meaning people may not always<br />
| |
− | agree, engaging an issue from a conversational context<br />
| |
− | often produces great results and better, safer, and more<br />
| |
− | durable products. After all, today’s innovation may likely be<br />
| |
− | tomorrow’s tradition.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Access
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Don Loweburg (don.loweburg@homepower.com)<br />
| |
− | is a solar pioneer in Central California. He owns and<br />
| |
− | operates Offline Independent Energy Systems, and sits<br />
| |
− | on the boards of the California Solar Energy Industries<br />
| |
− | Association and the North American Board of Certified<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Energy Practitioners.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Bowes, Thomas. “A Critical Look at PV Module Grounding” •
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.nmsu.edu/~tdi/Photovoltaics/Codes-Stds/Codes-Stds.<br />
| |
− | html
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Wiley, Brian. “A Progressive Look at PV Module Grounding” •
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.we-llc.com/WEEB.html
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Proposed <b><i>NEC</i></b> code changes for 2008 • www.nmsu.<br />
| |
− | edu/~tdi/pdf-resources/2008NECproposals2.pdf
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>Residential Wind Power<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Workshop
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>Mason City, Iowa<br />
| |
− | October 13, 2007<br />
| |
− | 9 to 5
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>Learn the ins and outs of using wind to power<br />
| |
− | | |
− | your home in Mason City- Iowa’s first town to<br />
| |
− | zone for wind in the city limits!
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>Led by <b>Clay Sterling</b> of the Midwest Renewable<br />
| |
− | Energy Association (MREA)
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b><i>For more information, contact I-Renew at www.irenew.org;
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><i>irenew@irenew.org; (319)643-3160
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>independent </b>power providers
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www.</i>homepower<i>.com
| |
− | | |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 119
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Efciency First!
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Save money<br />
| |
− | • Save energy<br />
| |
− | • Reduce your carbon footprint<br />
| |
− | | |
− | • Make informed decisions about<br />
| |
− | energy use and savings
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>“This book is<br />
| |
− | comprehensive,<br />
| |
− | complete, and useful. Buy<br />
| |
− | it, read it, and then put<br />
| |
− | | |
− | this information to use in<br />
| |
− | your own home.”
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>—Richard Perez, Publisher<br />
| |
− | </b>Home Power<b> Magazine
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>The Home Energy Diet will help you:
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>www.nrgrev.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>AVAILABLE<br />
| |
− | EVERYWHERE!
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>C E R T I F I C A T I O N
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>NABCEP
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Get THE Distinquished Mark<br />
| |
− | for Renewable Energy Professionals
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>www.nabcep.org
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Since 2003, the North American Board of Certified Energy
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Practitioners (NABCEP) has been awarding professional credentials
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>to renewable energy installers. NABCEP’s rigorous competency
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>standards for certification sends a clear message to consumers,
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>financers, and public officials that the Industry stresses high quality,
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>safe and ethical business practice and workmanship standards.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>NABCEP PV or Solar Thermal Certification…
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | THE One That’s Hard to Get
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>To find out how to become a Certified Installer please visit:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Yeah, it can<br />
| |
− | power all that...<br />
| |
− | and then some.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Did we mention<br />
| |
− | it’s portable too?
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>www.solarstik.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>1.800.793.4364
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | An example of a very intangible subsidy is the Price–<br />
| |
− | Anderson Act, which limits the liability of nuclear power<br />
| |
− | plant utilities in the event of an accident. The only way we<br />
| |
− | | |
− | will find out the cost of this subsidy is if a major U.S. nuclear<br />
| |
− | accident occurs, in which case the largest share of the burden<br />
| |
− | (potentially hundreds of billions of dollars) will be shifted<br />
| |
− | to taxpayers. Yet this very subsidy is crucial to keeping the<br />
| |
− | industry alive, since nuclear utilities would not accept (and<br />
| |
− | could not afford) the risk on their own.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | The most important result of subsidies should be to give<br />
| |
− | favor to a product or industry that needs a boost to break into<br />
| |
− | a market, or to make a product more readily available. This<br />
| |
− | assumes that availability is needed or desirable by society.<br />
| |
− | Green energy technologies that are promising or developing<br />
| |
− | too slowly are appropriate targets for subsidies. Given the<br />
| |
− | | |
− | right breaks, solar, wind, and alternative transportation<br />
| |
− | industries can be boosted to help replace nonrenewable
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Giant energy-related companies continue to feast<br />
| |
− | on the abundance of fat government subsidies,<br />
| |
− | while renewable energy industries scramble for<br />
| |
− | meager scraps, trying to find the means to make<br />
| |
− | | |
− | RE the commonplace energy source that it should<br />
| |
− | be. What are government subsidies for, and how<br />
| |
− | do they impact business in the United States,<br />
| |
− | including our slowly growing renewable energy<br />
| |
− | industries?
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | The original goal of most subsidies is to<br />
| |
− | | |
− | lower the consumer cost of the targeted product.<br />
| |
− | Subsidies are designed to work within basic market<br />
| |
− | economics of supply and demand, supporting<br />
| |
− | businesses so they will develop, manufacture,<br />
| |
− | and sell more of a product to increase supply<br />
| |
− | (such as R&D incentives) or stimulating consumer<br />
| |
− | | |
− | demand (such as PV rebates).<br />
| |
− | Occasionally, subsidies are used to discourage<br />
| |
− | production of a product to give a competing<br />
| |
− | product an advantage or to stabilize prices for the<br />
| |
− | target product. An example of this is when some<br />
| |
− | dairy farmers are paid to not bring milk to market,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | which manages supply to keep prices up so other<br />
| |
− | farmers can make a living.<br />
| |
− | Most subsidies have a dollar amount associated<br />
| |
− | with them and are “direct,” since the payments<br />
| |
− | usually go straight to the recipient. Indirect<br />
| |
− | subsidies include just about everything else, like tax breaks<br />
| |
− | | |
− | and international trade barriers. But in all cases, it is important<br />
| |
− | to remember that somebody (taxpayers) or something (like the<br />
| |
− | environment) is paying the price of subsidies.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>Intangibility
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | There are other less tangible means of subsidizing products and<br />
| |
− | | |
− | industries. For example, federal issuance of inexpensive or free<br />
| |
− | leases for drilling for natural gas or crude oil on public lands<br />
| |
− | and waters makes it cheaper for oil companies to produce more<br />
| |
− | of their end product. Allowing the flooding of vast watersheds<br />
| |
− | makes it possible for utilities to use dams to provide hydro<br />
| |
− | electricity. While the government incurs little or no monetary<br />
| |
− | | |
− | expense for allowing the use of public spaces, there are larger<br />
| |
− | costs to the general citizenry—such as loss of land that is held on<br />
| |
− | behalf of the public good and loss of habitat that is important to<br />
| |
− | non-human species.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | home power 121<i> / october & november 2007
| |
− | | |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 120
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | power <i>politics
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Show RE the<br />
| |
− | Money
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>by Michael Welch
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | technologies, furthering the environmental and sociopolitical<br />
| |
− | goals that are important to the public good, like reversing<br />
| |
− | human-caused climate change and decreasing acid rain, and<br />
| |
− | eliminating wars over diminishing oil resources.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | In theory, “mature” technologies, which have approached<br />
| |
− | or achieved their pinnacle of development, don’t need<br />
| |
− | the subsidies that newer technologies can benefit from. In<br />
| |
− | fact, subsidizing those mature technologies can impede<br />
| |
− | the advancement of desirable, immature technologies when<br />
| |
− | the technologies are competing for the same market share.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | In the energy industry, subsidizing fossil fuel and nuclear<br />
| |
− | technologies just makes it more difficult for renewable<br />
| |
− | technologies to get the momentum they need.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>Corporate Welfare
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | But “need” is a very subjective concept and is often misused.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | After a few decades of government handouts, many businesses<br />
| |
− | that have become accustomed to receiving public funds make<br />
| |
− | it their goal to continue getting subsidies. Corporations<br />
| |
− | are the worst of the bunch, because by design they are just<br />
| |
− | money-making vehicles—nothing more, nothing less. To<br />
| |
− | them, subsidies are just another source of money that they<br />
| |
− | | |
− | can tap into.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Ironically, the bigger and more powerful the industry,<br />
| |
− | the more likely it is to get government handouts—the exact<br />
| |
− | opposite of the way it should be working. For example, the<br />
| |
− | 2005 federal energy bill included $8.1 billion in tax breaks,<br />
| |
− | with mature fossil fuel and nuclear industries receiving<br />
| |
− | | |
− | 93% of the subsidies and renewable energy industries<br />
| |
− | receiving only about 7%. The bill included about $80 billion<br />
| |
− | in authorized direct spending largely being paid out to<br />
| |
− | nonrenewable-based industry. Indirect subsidies were also<br />
| |
− | included in the bill, like exempting “hydraulic fracturing,”<br />
| |
− | a particular natural gas well-drilling method, from the<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Clean Water Act. These inappropriate allocations make it<br />
| |
− | very difficult for renewable energy to get a solid foothold<br />
| |
− | in the energy market.<br />
| |
− | Determining appropriate need is where government<br />
| |
− | subsidy programs often get on the wrong track, helped, of<br />
| |
− | course, by fat campaign contributions, bevies of aggressive<br />
| |
− | | |
− | lobbyists, and the “revolving door” syndrome that<br />
| |
− | often puts industry heads in charge of the very agencies<br />
| |
− | designed to regulate them (which is also a kind of indirect<br />
| |
− | subsidy). The constant pressure by business interests for<br />
| |
− | our government to take care of the business’s particular<br />
| |
− | needs results in passing massive government handouts<br />
| |
− | | |
− | to mature industries—many of which are at odds with<br />
| |
− | national environmental and social priorities.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>Good, Bad, or Just Ugly
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Government subsidies are, depending upon any individual’s<br />
| |
− | priorities, one of the best government ideas ever to be<br />
| |
− | | |
− | implemented, an evil to be tolerated, or very bad policy.<br />
| |
− | People adept at playing the stock market have learned<br />
| |
− | to keep an eye out for many different indicators, and try to<br />
| |
− | predict which corporations are going to be the beneficiaries<br />
| |
− | or losers of government funds, both contracts and subsidies.<br />
| |
− | Successfully making such predictions gives the opportunity
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | to buy or sell stocks before prices change as a result of<br />
| |
− | subsidies. Other investors who buy stock for longer-term<br />
| |
− | investments benefit when their companies are subsidized—<br />
| |
− | it makes it more likely that their dividends and stock values<br />
| |
− | will go up, while often bringing future payoffs for new and<br />
| |
− | | |
− | successful products.<br />
| |
− | Free-market advocates are certain that subsidies, and<br />
| |
− | nearly every other kind of government meddling in business<br />
| |
− | affairs, are the worst thing that can happen in our economy.<br />
| |
− | They believe that the most appropriate products, industries,<br />
| |
− | and technologies will automatically win out on a truly<br />
| |
− | | |
− | competitive and even playing field. But this would require<br />
| |
− | a nearly pure economic system devoid of government<br />
| |
− | interference, along with highly informed consumers—both<br />
| |
− | highly improbable situations under any known form of<br />
| |
− | government.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Under the current political system, the reality is that<br />
| |
− | | |
− | corporations are too powerful to be stripped of their<br />
| |
− | unwarranted subsidies, so if and until control of politics<br />
| |
− | and government changes, advocates for a clean and safe<br />
| |
− | future must swallow a bitter pill and continue to ask that<br />
| |
− | a share of government money be allocated to fund their<br />
| |
− | priorities.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>Take It Back
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | In many cases, our government’s system of subsidies is<br />
| |
− | failing to support its citizenry’s efforts toward a more<br />
| |
− | sustainable future, and this is going to be difficult to<br />
| |
− | change. A recent example of this is the 2007 Farm Bill,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | which was passed in the House, and now has the blessing<br />
| |
− | of Senate leadership. Massive efforts by progressive<br />
| |
− | activists and leaders were put into trying to remove the<br />
| |
− | billions of dollars in subsidies for corporate agribusiness,<br />
| |
− | which is already profitable, instead of supporting the<br />
| |
− | independent family farms that continue to struggle. But<br />
| |
− | | |
− | corporate America prevailed in their efforts to include<br />
| |
− | those unneeded payments.<br />
| |
− | Two major areas need to be addressed to bring the system<br />
| |
− | of subsidies back on track. First, political power needs to<br />
| |
− | be removed from the hands of big business, and put back<br />
| |
− | into the hands of the citizenry. Second, until that happens,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | the renewable energy industry must continue fighting for<br />
| |
− | consumer incentives, research and development funds, and<br />
| |
− | other forms of assistance to be on a fair playing field with<br />
| |
− | the fossil fuel, nuclear, and transportation industries. Until<br />
| |
− | then, it will be difficult, if not impossible, to adequately<br />
| |
− | address solutions to climate change and other environmental<br />
| |
− | | |
− | problems that are so important to the public welfare.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Michael Welch</b> (michael.welch@homepower.com) has<br />
| |
− | been working for a clean, safe, and just energy future since<br />
| |
− | 1978 as a volunteer for Redwood Alliance and with <b><i>Home<br />
| |
− | Power </i></b>magazine since 1990.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www.</i>homepower<i>.com
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | power <i>politics
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 121
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | home power 121<i> / october & november 2007
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 122
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>The Original
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− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Since 1991
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− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Four SunPipe-13's in 25 x 35 living room.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>The Best Daylight Pipe<br />
| |
− | The Brightest Daylight Pipe<br />
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− | No Heat Gain, Roof Leaks or Electricity
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− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>WWW.SUNPIPE.COM - 800-844-4786
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>On Grid or Off Grid<br />
| |
− | SunPipes®
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Save Energy
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
| |
− | Albuquerque, NM
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Inverter Service Company
| |
− | </p>
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− | <p>
| |
− | <b>a division of Direct Power and Water
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− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | •<b> Authorized Service Center for Xantrex Inverters
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | •<b> Authorized Service Repair and Sales of<br />
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− | | |
− | Mitsubishi UPS (7.5kva to 350kva)
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | •<b> Certified Xantrex Dealer
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− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | •<b> Largest inventory of SW, DR parts in North America
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | •<b> Fastest turn around time in the WEST
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− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Erich Lindner
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Master Electronics Technician
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>erichl@directpower.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1-800-260-3792
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>www.directpower.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Daniel Duffield
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Electrical Engineer
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>dand@directpower.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>BLAZE NEW TRAILS<br />
| |
− | WITH A RENEWABLE ENERGY<br />
| |
− | $480 OUT-OF-STATE &<br />
| |
− | $360 IN-STATE / SEMESTER
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>DEGREE
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONABOUTTHE<br />
| |
− | RENEWABLE ENERGY PROGRAM AT<br />
| |
− | SANJUANCOLLEGE, FARMINGTON, NM<br />
| |
− | PLEASECONTACT: TOM MUNSON<br />
| |
− | (505) 566-3003OR (800) 241-6327<br />
| |
− | munsont@sanjuancollege.edu
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>COMBINE SCIENCE & HANDS-ON TRAINING
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>FOCUS ON PHOTOVOLTAIC DESIGN AND INSTALLATION<br />
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− | TWO YEAR A.A.S. DEGREE OR<br />
| |
− | ONE YEAR CERTIFICATE PROGRAMS<br />
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− | BOTH EMPHASIZE FULL N.E.C. COMPLIANCE
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− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>PLEASE VISIT US ONLINE ATwww.sanjuancollege.edu/reng
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <br />
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <br />
| |
− | <br />
| |
− | <br />
| |
− | <br />
| |
− | <br />
| |
− | <br />
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <br />
| |
− | | |
− | <br />
| |
− | <br />
| |
− | <br />
| |
− | <br />
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www.</i><b>homepower</b><i>.com
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>123
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Come in and visit us<br />
| |
− | at our NEW Store Location
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>www.solar-electric.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Protecting our environment since 1979
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4091 E. Huntington Drive<br />
| |
− | Flagstaff, Arizona
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 800-383-0195
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Specializing in<br />
| |
− | Solar Electric Utility Tie<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Remote Homes, Water Pumping, RVs<br />
| |
− | and Telecommunication Systems.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Call one of our<br />
| |
− | Solar Design Technicians to<br />
| |
− | help design the right system for you.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Electricity From the Sun
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Select a NABCEP certified PV and solar thermal<br />
| |
− | installer for the highest quality installation
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>www.nabcep.org
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>To find nationally recognized Certified Solar Electric and<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Solar Thermal installers in your area go to:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>“<br />
| |
− | Our PV system was a
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>big investment in the
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>future and I wanted it
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>installed by a profes-
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>sional with national
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>credentials to make
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>sure it was installed
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>properly. The NABCEP Certified installer
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>did just that, and the system is operat-
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>ing flawlessly.”
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>The North American Board of Certified Energy<br />
| |
− | Practitioners (NABCEP) awards professional<br />
| |
− | | |
− | certification to solar electric (photovoltaics)<br />
| |
− | and solar thermal installers. NABCEP’s high<br />
| |
− | standards are designed to protect consumers<br />
| |
− | and enhance the profession.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Select an installer with the NABCEP PV or<br />
| |
− | Solar Thermal Certification…
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | THE One That’s Hard to Get
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Mike Burnetter, Home Owner<br />
| |
− | and Professional Engineer
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>C E R T I F I C A T I O N
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>NABCEP
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | excess energy is used to offset utility energy consumed<br />
| |
− | when the customer is using more than their home system<br />
| |
− | produces. The inverter also maintains the batteries at a<br />
| |
− | set voltage, shunting excess energy generated to the grid.<br />
| |
− | Utility-supported systems aren’t configured to send excess<br />
| |
− | | |
− | electricity to the grid, but to use the grid for backup and<br />
| |
− | battery charging when necessary.<br />
| |
− | <b>Batteryless</b> grid-tied systems have no batteries for<br />
| |
− | storage, offering no utility outage protection. When the<br />
| |
− | grid fails, these systems are designed to automatically<br />
| |
− | | |
− | shut down. When the grid is operational, any renewable<br />
| |
− | energy that isn’t being used at a given time is sent back to<br />
| |
− | the utility to offset energy used from the grid. Batteryless<br />
| |
− | systems are simpler, less expensive, and more efficient, but<br />
| |
− | they provide no backup. No single inverter on the market<br />
| |
− | today will let you choose between batteryless and battery-<br />
| |
− | | |
− | based grid-tie at the flip of a switch—you must make this<br />
| |
− | decision up front.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Derivation: From gridiron, from Middle English<br />
| |
− | gridire or griddle, and indicating something<br />
| |
− | consisting of or covered with a network.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | In 1880, Thomas Edison electrified a<br />
| |
− | string of streetlamps on Broadway in New<br />
| |
− | York City—one of the first steps toward our<br />
| |
− | modern utility grid. Gradually, companies<br />
| |
− | selling electricity to homes and businesses in<br />
| |
− | the United States strung wires to connect their<br />
| |
− | | |
− | generating plants to their customers. This<br />
| |
− | evolved into our present-day electricity grid,<br />
| |
− | which connects about 140 million customers<br />
| |
− | with about 17,000 generating plants in the<br />
| |
− | Continental states, using millions of miles of<br />
| |
− | cable. This network is an incredibly useful<br />
| |
− | | |
− | tool that makes good use of energy resources<br />
| |
− | to feed the varying load demand.<br />
| |
− | Gradually over the last 40 years, renewable<br />
| |
− | energy technology for homes and businesses<br />
| |
− | has hit the mainstream. This has led to two<br />
| |
− | general types of renewable energy systems,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | with variations in each.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>ON-GRID</b> systems come in a few different<br />
| |
− | flavors. One major distinction is between<br />
| |
− | battery-based systems and batteryless systems.<br />
| |
− | <b>Battery-based</b> on-grid systems include<br />
| |
− | | |
− | energy storage to power critical loads during grid outages.<br />
| |
− | They require a battery bank sized to handle the loads needing<br />
| |
− | backup and for the number of hours or days of outage<br />
| |
− | protection desired.<br />
| |
− | These systems can be configured to sell surplus energy<br />
| |
− | back to the grid, crediting the user’s account. Or they<br />
| |
− | | |
− | can be similar to off-grid systems, not selling back any<br />
| |
− | energy, but using the grid to charge batteries or run loads<br />
| |
− | directly when there isn’t enough renewable energy. We<br />
| |
− | don’t have standardized terminology to distinguish these<br />
| |
− | two types of on-grid systems from each other. Calling<br />
| |
− | them “utility-interactive” and “utility-supported” might<br />
| |
− | | |
− | be appropriate.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | In the case of utility-interactive systems, the inverter<br />
| |
− | (an electronic device that converts DC electricity to AC<br />
| |
− | electricity) is programmed to synchronize with the grid<br />
| |
− | and send to it any electricity the home or business isn’t<br />
| |
− | using at the moment, “spinning the meter backward.” This
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b><i> / october & november 2007
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>124
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>word </b><i>power
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>On & Off…Grid
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>The Utility Network
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>by Ian Woofenden
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | kajetan
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>OFF-GRID</b> renewable energy systems run independently of<br />
| |
− | the utility grid, using batteries to store and deliver energy.<br />
| |
− | Many people live and work beyond the reach of utility lines,<br />
| |
− | and the cost of line extension can be very high (in my area,<br />
| |
− | more than $20 a foot). Others have a desire to cut the cord and<br />
| |
− | | |
− | be off grid even though the utility lines are near. This is an<br />
| |
− | impractical choice in my opinion, but may be more attractive<br />
| |
− | if the utility does not allow you to sell your surplus electricity,<br />
| |
− | or if they have unreasonable charges or requirements for<br />
| |
− | connection. But off-grid systems cannot use the grid as a<br />
| |
− | “battery,” so once the batteries are filled, any surplus energy<br />
| |
− | | |
− | they generate is wasted. These systems also must supply 100<br />
| |
− | percent of the electricity needed, which usually means having<br />
| |
− | a backup, fossil-fueled generator (a dirty and expensive<br />
| |
− | source of electricity), unless you have sufficient renewable<br />
| |
− | resources at your site.<br />
| |
− | Off-grid homes are a good microcosmic example of<br />
| |
− | | |
− | the responsibilities and challenges of gradually making<br />
| |
− | the grid more and more sustainable. We either live within<br />
| |
− | the capacities of our renewably powered systems and deal<br />
| |
− | with the vagaries of the wind, sun, and water; or we wrestle<br />
| |
− | with ways to wean ourselves from depending on fossil<br />
| |
− | fuels (with its costs and impacts) for backup energy. Off-<br />
| |
− | | |
− | gridders also must take on all the responsibilities that the<br />
| |
− | rest of the population pays a utility to handle—financing,<br />
| |
− | R&D, design, installation, maintenance, troubleshooting,<br />
| |
− | operation, and replacement. As years go by, we try to<br />
| |
− | invest in more renewable capacity, and learn to use it
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | wisely. This long-term investment gives us cleaner, more<br />
| |
− | reliable energy.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | With the perspective and experience of more than 25 years<br />
| |
− | living off grid, I encourage you to view the grid as a useful<br />
| |
− | tool, and use it to your advantage when it comes to installing<br />
| |
− | an RE system. But whether you cook your waffles off-grid or<br />
| |
− | | |
− | on, I hope you too will move toward using more and more<br />
| |
− | renewable energy.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Ian Woofenden (ian.woofenden@homepower.com) lives<br />
| |
− | off grid in Washington’s San Juan Islands, using sun, wind,<br />
| |
− | and a bit of propane to make electricity and hot water for<br />
| |
− | his family. In addition to his work with <b><i>Home Power</i></b>, he<br />
| |
− | | |
− | organizes workshops for SEI, consults, and teaches.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www.</i><b>homepower</b><i>.com
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>word </b><i>power
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>125
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Boost Battery Health:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Call Toll Free:<br />
| |
− | 800-222-7242
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>www.abrahamsolar.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Equalize 24/7 with BattEQTM
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Reduces voltage variations<br />
| |
− | within a string of batteries.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>7 models: $69 to $399
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Wholesale, Retail, OEM
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Liquid Collectors<br />
| |
− | for Solar Hot Water<br />
| |
− | & Radiant Floor Systems
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Other Solar H2O<br />
| |
− | Products & Parts
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Pumps<br />
| |
− | • Heat Exchangers<br />
| |
− | • Storage Tanks<br />
| |
− | • Complete Systems<br />
| |
− | • Controls<br />
| |
− | | |
− | • Batch Water Heaters
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>(800) 245-0311 • www.aaasolar.com • solarstuff@aaasolar.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2021 Zearing NW, Albuquerque, NM 87014
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Other Solar Hot Air<br />
| |
− | Products & Parts
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Blowers<br />
| |
− | • Backdraft Dampers<br />
| |
− | • Controls<br />
| |
− | • DIY Systems
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>AAA Solar Supply Inc.
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Serving the Solar Industry Since 1979
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>FEATURING:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Also Featuring:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>SUN AIRE
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Air Collectors<br />
| |
− | for Home Heating
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Air<br />
| |
− | Collector
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Mounts
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Backdraft<br />
| |
− | DamperBlower
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Hot Air
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Cold Air
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Control<br />
| |
− | System
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b><i> / october & november 2007
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>126
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <br />
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <br />
| |
− | | |
− | <br />
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www</i>.homepower.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 127
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Solar Wind Works
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ~ Proven USA Distributor ~
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Chris Worcester, NABCEP Certified PV Installer
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>CA Contractor's License: #796322
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>NV Contractor’s license: #59288
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Renewable Energy Power Systems
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Sales—PV, Wind, & Microhydro<br />
| |
− | • Design—Off-Grid or On-Grid<br />
| |
− | • Installation & Service
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Toll Free! 877-682-4503<br />
| |
− | PO Box 2511, Truckee, CA 96160
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>info@solarwindworks.com • www.solarwindworks.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Direct Grid-Tie<br />
| |
− | Now Available
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MEMBER
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>As seen in</b> HP<b> 90, pg 50<br />
| |
− | and </b>HP 103<b>, pg 72<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Dealer Inquiries<br />
| |
− | Welcome
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Reliable • Quiet • Rugged • Elegant
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Water Baby
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Water Baby
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Stream Engine
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Stream Engine
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>LH1000
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>LH1000
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>We’ve Got it All!
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>And You Can Have One Too…
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Water Power
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Water Power
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>For All Your Needs
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>For All Your Needs
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Energy Systems & Design
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.microhydropower.com 506-433-3151
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>“Leading the World Since 1980”
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>“Leading the World Since 1980”
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Manufacturing Cost
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Manufacturing Cost--Effective Water<br />
| |
− | Effective Water
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Powered Generators
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Powered Generators
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | a day, rain or shine, was preferable to running a gas or<br />
| |
− | diesel generator.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | My husband Bob-O bought his hydro turbine years before<br />
| |
− | I met him, and we used it at our high-head, low-flow site. It<br />
| |
− | was a great unit, but the regulator failed almost immediately.<br />
| |
− | In HP2, publisher Richard Perez wrote about a circuit for an<br />
| |
− | alternator controller for a gas engine. Bob-O adapted it for our<br />
| |
− | hydro turbine, made the controller, and it worked pretty well.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Bob-O wrote Richard a fan letter, which led to our meeting<br />
| |
− | Richard and his wife Karen.<br />
| |
− | In our home, most of the electrical devices, including<br />
| |
− | lights, were 12 volt. We had a very small inverter for when<br />
| |
− | we needed 120 VAC. If we needed more energy, we used<br />
| |
− | a gas driven generator/arc welder. At that time, because<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Bob-O’s work kept him away from the cabin for lengths of<br />
| |
− | time, I had a crash course in microhydro maintenance and<br />
| |
− | repair. I learned how to clean the intake of forest debris,<br />
| |
− | how to reset the alternator, and how to check the batteries.<br />
| |
− | Most importantly, I learned how to check the nozzle for<br />
| |
− | plugging at the wheel before climbing the mountain to check<br />
| |
− | | |
− | the intake.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | One day, while walking along our water ditch with a<br />
| |
− | rakehoe and cleaning the length up and then down, I spotted<br />
| |
− | a large madrone tree with fresh bear-claw marks on it at about
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Both of my parents were<br />
| |
− | | |
− | born off grid. Oh, there was<br />
| |
− | electricity back then, just not<br />
| |
− | where they were. The doctor<br />
| |
− | who delivered my mother<br />
| |
− | drove out from Stockton,<br />
| |
− | California, in a horse and<br />
| |
− | | |
− | buggy. My father was born<br />
| |
− | in a log cabin in the wilds of<br />
| |
− | Manitoba, Canada.<br />
| |
− | When my father was seven<br />
| |
− | years old, my grandfather<br />
| |
− | sold the homestead, loaded<br />
| |
− | | |
− | his five kids and trunks into<br />
| |
− | the horse-drawn wagon and<br />
| |
− | drove to town. Later that<br />
| |
− | day, my father saw his first<br />
| |
− | automobile, his first electric<br />
| |
− | light, and his first train.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Face the Changes
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | It amazes me to think of all the world and technological changes<br />
| |
− | my father has seen in his lifetime. He has enthusiastically<br />
| |
− | embraced it all. When we were kids, he used to wake us up<br />
| |
− | so we could see the Mercury and Gemini space shots live<br />
| |
− | | |
− | on TV. “You’re watching history,” he’d say. We recently<br />
| |
− | celebrated at Dad’s annual birthday bonfire. He’s ninety now.<br />
| |
− | Technology is at a dead run, from zero to global warming<br />
| |
− | during my dad’s lifetime.<br />
| |
− | My dad gave me a good grounding in the common-sense<br />
| |
− | basics of living with renewable energy, although he didn’t<br />
| |
− | | |
− | know it. He taught us to turn off lights when we left a room<br />
| |
− | and to turn off electrical devices if we weren’t using them.<br />
| |
− | Long before recycling was popular, he taught us to separate<br />
| |
− | our trash. He got more satisfaction out of rebuilding or<br />
| |
− | reusing old parts than buying new.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Stepping Off
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | With my dad’s conservation ethic, it’s no surprise I had<br />
| |
− | little trouble adapting to an off-grid, self-sufficient lifestyle.<br />
| |
− | The first renewable energy I lived with was microhydro<br />
| |
− | power. In the mountainous area along the Salmon River in<br />
| |
− | California, where little streams and creeks abounded, a lot<br />
| |
− | | |
− | of people used small AC or DC hydro plants. Old mining<br />
| |
− | ditches and ponds were utilized. Hydro, twenty-four hours
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | home power 121 / october & november 2007
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 128
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | home & heart
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | What Goes ‘Round,<br />
| |
− | Comes ‘Round
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>by Kathleen Jarschke-Schultze
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | my eye level (I’m 5’10”). At first, this made me very nervous<br />
| |
− | to go up there alone. Old Dick Haley, a decorated Iwo Jima<br />
| |
− | | |
− | veteran from downriver, told me to take a knife and carve<br />
| |
− | some of my own marks above the bear’s. While my dad was<br />
| |
− | visiting, we did just that in an effort to make the bear think<br />
| |
− | we were the bigger bear.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Appliance Adventures
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Although mountain living offered almost daily adventures with<br />
| |
− | wildlife, my housekeeping chores also provided me with some<br />
| |
− | interesting episodes. My ringer washing machine, for instance,<br />
| |
− | had its own engine. A pull-start Briggs and Stratton. Bob-O always<br />
| |
− | called it the “Briggs and Scrap Iron,” but it was pretty reliable. I<br />
| |
− | learned to check the oil and gas before I did the laundry.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | It sat outside, under some oak trees, and was a pleasant<br />
| |
− | place to be in the summer. The winter, however, was a<br />
| |
− | different matter. I told Bob-O that the water was just too damn<br />
| |
− | cold to put my hands into in the winter. He sympathized. A<br />
| |
− | couple of weeks later, he surprised me with elbow-length,<br />
| |
− | flannel-lined, rubber gloves.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | We had two refrigerators. Both small, aged Servel propane<br />
| |
− | models, named Harold and Sylvia. Harold had a right-hand<br />
| |
− | hinge and Sylvia’s was left-handed. They sat side by side on<br />
| |
− | our enclosed screen porch. In the summer they were barely<br />
| |
− | adequate and in the winter they were freezers.<br />
| |
− | As part of a neighborhood purchase, we did buy two solar-<br />
| |
− | | |
− | electric panels one time. The PV modules sat in their boxes for<br />
| |
− | over a year. With our year-round hydro system providing<br />
| |
− | for all our electrical needs, we just never seemed to need the<br />
| |
− | modules. Then we moved across the county, where our hydro<br />
| |
− | resource is seasonal, and solar became our mainstay.<br />
| |
− | In the cabin, I was short on mainstream household<br />
| |
− | | |
− | appliances. Over time, I have remedied that. For more than<br />
| |
− | 15 years now I’ve used a Sun Frost RF16 refrigerator. My<br />
| |
− | Sun Frost F10 freezer is about 10 years old. My front-loading<br />
| |
− | clothes washer is a Frigidaire, as is my gas dryer. My automatic<br />
| |
− | dishwasher is a Swedish Asko. I use a Dyson vacuum cleaner.<br />
| |
− | All my appliances are very efficient. They need to be.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Finally, mainstream American manufacturers and<br />
| |
− | consumers are getting the point of energy conservation.<br />
| |
− | Household appliances have gotten more efficient and energy-<br />
| |
− | conscientious consumers have a wider array of choices.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Renewable Explosion
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Recently Bob-O and I saw a commercial for a national real<br />
| |
− | estate company. In it, the clean-cut young couple queried,<br />
| |
− | “What if we want a home that uses solar power? Or wind<br />
| |
− | power?” The advertising company assured that it was no<br />
| |
− | problem for their agents.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Boy, have things changed. Not that long ago, the image<br />
| |
− | most folks had of the renewables lifestyle was two hippies<br />
| |
− | living in a teepee and listening to a PV-powered 12-volt<br />
| |
− | car stereo. In fact, when we started our renewable energy<br />
| |
− | design and installation business, all our jobs were for off-<br />
| |
− | grid systems. It is still true that land beyond the grasp of the<br />
| |
− | | |
− | power lines is cheaper, which is where our “stand-alone”<br />
| |
− | clients are.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | While we still design and install off-grid systems and<br />
| |
− | provide service for off-gridders like us, what we’re seeing<br />
| |
− | more and more are people on the utility grid who want to<br />
| |
− | use renewables—even if the system doesn’t completely cover<br />
| |
− | | |
− | their energy usage. And in states like ours that financially<br />
| |
− | encourage grid-tie solar-electric systems, the response is<br />
| |
− | steadily growing.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | My dad understood the value of conservation and passed<br />
| |
− | this ethic on to me, where I’ve made it my business to share<br />
| |
− | it with others. Being married to Bob-O, one of the silverbacks<br />
| |
− | | |
− | of solar, has given me an early view of what RE can do. I see<br />
| |
− | my RE past becoming actively sought-after in the present,<br />
| |
− | and, like my dad, I’m eagerly looking forward to new<br />
| |
− | technological developments in renewable energy. After all,<br />
| |
− | necessity is the mother—or father—of invention.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Kathleen Jarschke-Schultze (kathleen.jarschke-schultze@<br />
| |
− | | |
− | homepower.com) is the ant, not the grasshopper, at her<br />
| |
− | off-grid home in northernmost California.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www</i>.homepower.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | home & heart
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 129
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | home power 121 / october & november 2007
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 130
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Sun Frost
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Energy Efficient<br />
| |
− | Refrigerators & Freezers
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Customized To Fit Your Needs
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4 <b>Available in DC<br />
| |
− | or AC
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4 <b>Select From Over 10<br />
| |
− | Models
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 4 <b>Choose from 1000’s<br />
| |
− | of Colors, Finishes &<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Woods
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>We also Manufacture<br />
| |
− | Composting Toilets!
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Please Contact Us For More Info
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>P.O. Box 1101, Arcata, CA 95518
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>tel: (707)822-9095 • fax: (707)822-6213 info</b>@<br />
| |
− | <b>sunfrost.com • www.sunfrost.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>ONLINE RENEWABLE ENERGY EDUCATION
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>PV DESIGN:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Oct. 22 - Nov. 30
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>ADVANCED PV:
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Oct. 29 - Dec. 7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>SUSTAINABLE<br />
| |
− | HOME DESIGN:
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Oct. 29 - Dec. 7
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | The online PV course
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | provides 60 cumulative
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | hours of training that
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | may be used towards
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NABCEP certi cation
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | purposes
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>SOLAR ENERGY INTERNATIONAL
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>PO BOX 715 • Carbondale, CO 81623 • 970.963.8855
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>www.solarenergy.org
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>SEI
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>Renewable Energy Education<br />
| |
− | for a Sustainable Future
| |
− | | |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Over 20 years experience in RE training
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www</i>.<b>homepower</b>.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>131
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>BZ Products Model MPPT500
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>500 watt 45 amp Maximum Power Point Solar Control
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>• Boost charge current up to 30%<br />
| |
− | • Up to 45 amp output current<br />
| |
− | • Microprocessor control<br />
| |
− | | |
− | • 95 % efficacy<br />
| |
− | • 500 watt PV input<br />
| |
− | • Universal PV input 12 to 48 volts<br />
| |
− | • 12, 24 or 48 volt output<br />
| |
− | • Digital metering<br />
| |
− | • PWM float control<br />
| |
− | | |
− | • Battery temperature sensor standard<br />
| |
− | • Five year warranty<br />
| |
− | • Made in U.S.A.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>BZ Products, Inc.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>314-644-2490 • www.bzproducts.net • bzp@bzproducts.net
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>7914 Gravois, St. Louis, MO 63123, USA
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>MALLARD WIND GENERATORS
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Economical, Strong, & Very Reliable
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Mike’s Windmill Shop
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>MALLARD<br />
| |
− | 800E
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>MALLARD<br />
| |
− | 800E
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SALE
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 800 Watt<br />
| |
− | $425
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Regular price<br />
| |
− | $475
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Package<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Deal 3-800E<br />
| |
− | & Regulator<br />
| |
− | $1250
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>We also have charge regulators, tower kits & plans, PMAs,<br />
| |
− | blades, and lots of friendly advice & customer support.
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Mike’s Windmill Shop
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>www.mikeswindmillshop.com • 928-532-1607
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Email: gossmj@wmonline.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Major Credit Cards Accepted • Call for Volume Pricing
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Precision Wedge Wire<br />
| |
− | Coanda Screens
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | for Hydro, Agricultural, and<br />
| |
− | Domestic Diversions from<br />
| |
− | 10 gpm to 500 cfs
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Self Cleaning<br />
| |
− | • Easy Installation<br />
| |
− | • High Capacity<br />
| |
− | • No moving parts<br />
| |
− | • Pipe, ramp and<br />
| |
− | box mountings
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | – We specialize in creatively engineering solutions<br />
| |
− | for your unique hydro diversion screening needs.<br />
| |
− | – Our solutions are cost effective with numerous<br />
| |
− | screen mounting options; we also have<br />
| |
− | durable 304 SS mounting boxes.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Visit us at www.hydroscreen.com<br />
| |
− | or call (303) 333-6071<br />
| |
− | e-mail: RKWEIR@AOL.COM<br />
| |
− | We don’t just sell screens,<br />
| |
− | we engineer solutions!
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b><i>Lorentz ETATRACK
| |
− | </i></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Trackers and Centralized<br />
| |
− | Controls for Solar Parks
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | US Distributor:<br />
| |
− | Colorado Solar, Inc<br />
| |
− | | |
− | 800-766-7644<br />
| |
− | www.solarpanelstore.com<br />
| |
− | www.cosolar.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Integrated Systems Available up to Several Megawatts
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Harris Hydro
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Harris Hydro
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Hydro-Power for Home Use
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Manufactured by Lo Power Engineering
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>P.O. Box 1567<br />
| |
− | Redway, CA 95560
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Manufactured by Lo Power Engineering
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>P.O. Box 1567<br />
| |
− | Redway, CA 95560
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Adjustable Permanent Magnetic<br />
| |
− | Brushless Alternator
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • 25 - 30% more efficient than Hi Output Alternator<br />
| |
− | • Marine Grade Construction throughout<br />
| |
− | • Re-connectable Stator<br />
| |
− | • Retrofittable on existing turbine
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Denis Ledbetter
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>707-986-7771
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>delejo@humboldt.net
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Denis Ledbetter
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>707-986-7771
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>delejo@humboldt.net
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | IOWA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Feb. 20–22, ’08. Des Moines. Forum on
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Energy Efficiency in Agriculture. Info: ACEEE •<br />
| |
− | 202-429-8873 • agforum@aceee.org •<br />
| |
− | | |
− | www.aceee.org
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Iowa City, IA. Iowa RE Assoc. meetings. Info:<br />
| |
− | 319-341-4372 • irenew@irenew.org •
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.irenew.org
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MASSACHUSETTS
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Hudson, MA. Workshops: Intro to PV;
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Advanced PV; RE Basics; Solar Hot Water &<br />
| |
− | more. Info: The Alternative Energy Store •<br />
| |
− | 877-878-4060 • support@altenergystore.com •<br />
| |
− | http://workshops.altenergystore.com
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MICHIGAN
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | West Branch, MI. Intro to Solar, Wind &<br />
| |
− | Hydro. 1st Fri. each month. System design &<br />
| |
− | layout for homes or cabins. Info:<br />
| |
− | | |
− | 989-685-3527 • gotter@m33access.com •<br />
| |
− | www.loghavenbbb.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MISSOURI
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | New Bloomfield, MO. Workshops, monthly<br />
| |
− | energy fairs & other events. Missouri<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Renewable Energy • 800-228-5284 •<br />
| |
− | info@moreenergy.org •
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.moreenergy.org
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MONTANA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Whitehall, MT. Seminars, workshops &<br />
| |
− | | |
− | tours. Straw bale, cordwood, PV & more.<br />
| |
− | Sage Mountain Center • 406-494-9875 •<br />
| |
− | www.sagemountain.org
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NEW HAMPSHIRE
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Dec. 1, ’07. Manchester, NH. Home Energy<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Conference. Incorporating RE, efficiency,<br />
| |
− | green building, geothermal, biofuels &<br />
| |
− | other sustainable technologies into the<br />
| |
− | home. Info: NH Sustainable Energy Assoc. •<br />
| |
− | 603-497-2302 • nh.sustain.energy@tds.net •<br />
| |
− | www.nhsea.org
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Rumney, NH. Green building workshops.<br />
| |
− | Info: D Acres • 603-786-2366 •<br />
| |
− | info@dacres.org • www.dacres.org
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NEW MEXICO
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Six NMSEA regional chapters meet<br />
| |
− | | |
− | monthly, with speakers. NM Solar Energy<br />
| |
− | Assoc. • 505-246-0400 • info@nmsea.org •<br />
| |
− | www.nmsea.org
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NORTH CAROLINA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | October 20–21, ‘07. Boone, NC. Small-<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Scale Wind Installation workshop. Info:<br />
| |
− | Appalachian State Univ. • 828-262-2933 •<br />
| |
− | wind@appstate.edu •<br />
| |
− | www.wind.appstate.edu
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>U.S.A.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Oct. 6, ’07. National Tour of Solar Homes.<br />
| |
− | Tours in most states. Info: American Solar<br />
| |
− | Energy Society • www.nationalsolartour.org
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | CALIFORNIA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Oct. 18, ’07. Berkeley. NorCal Solar Energy<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Assoc. annual membership meeting &<br />
| |
− | solar party. Share camaraderie & industry<br />
| |
− | contacts. Info: NorCal Solar •<br />
| |
− | www.norcalsolar.org
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Nov. 7–9, ’07. Sacramento. Behavior, Energy<br />
| |
− | | |
− | & Climate Change Conf. National conf.<br />
| |
− | on behavior & decision-making to help<br />
| |
− | accelerate transition to an energy-efficient<br />
| |
− | & low-carbon economy. Info: see ACORE<br />
| |
− | listing under Washington, DC.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Nov. 13, ’07. Winters, CA. Smart Energy<br />
| |
− | Management in Agriculture. RE & energy<br />
| |
− | efficiency for farmers, dairies, ranchers<br />
| |
− | & wineries. Info: Ecological Farming<br />
| |
− | Association • 831-763-2111 ext. 4 •<br />
| |
− | jasmine@eco-farm.org •<br />
| |
− | | |
− | www.eco-farm.org/energy
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Arcata, CA. Workshops & presentations on<br />
| |
− | RE & sustainable living. Campus Center for<br />
| |
− | Appropriate Technology, Humboldt State<br />
| |
− | Univ. • 707-826-3551 • ccat@humboldt.edu •<br />
| |
− | | |
− | www.humboldt.edu/~ccat
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Hopland, CA. Workshops on PV, wind,<br />
| |
− | hydro, alternative fuels, green building &<br />
| |
− | more. Solar Living Institute • 707-744-2017 •<br />
| |
− | sli@solarliving.org • www.solarliving.org
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | COLORADO
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Carbondale, CO. Workshops & online<br />
| |
− | courses on PV, water pumping, wind, RE<br />
| |
− | businesses, microhydro, solar domestic hot<br />
| |
− | water, space heating, alternative fuels, straw<br />
| |
− | | |
− | bale, green building, women’s PV courses &<br />
| |
− | more. Solar Energy Intl. (SEI) •<br />
| |
− | 970-963-8855 • sei@solarenergy.org •<br />
| |
− | www.solarenergy.org
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | FLORIDA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Melbourne, FL. Green Campus Group<br />
| |
− | meets monthly to discuss sustainable<br />
| |
− | living, recycling & RE. Info: fleslie@fit.edu •<br />
| |
− | http://my.fit.edu/~fleslie/GreenCampus/<br />
| |
− | greencampus.htm
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | INDIANA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Oct. 1–3, ’07. Indianapolis. Conf. on RE from<br />
| |
− | Organics Recycling. For project managers,<br />
| |
− | policy makers, investors, technology<br />
| |
− | providers, utilities, consultants, etc. Info:<br />
| |
− | | |
− | BioCycle • biocycle_magazine@vresp.com •
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.biocycle.net
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b> / october & november 2007
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>132
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>RE </b>happenings
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Saxapahaw, NC. Solar-Powered Home<br />
| |
− | workshop. Solar Village Institute •<br />
| |
− | 336-376-9530 • info@solarvillage.com •<br />
| |
− | www.solarvillage.com
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | OREGON
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Cottage Grove, OR. Adv. Studies in<br />
| |
− | Appropriate Tech., 10-week internships.<br />
| |
− | Aprovecho Research Center • 541-942-8198 •<br />
| |
− | apro@efn.org • www.aprovecho.net
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | PENNSYLVANIA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Philadelphia Solar Energy Assoc. meetings.<br />
| |
− | Info: 610-667-0412 • rose-bryant@verizon.net •<br />
| |
− | www.phillysolar.org/psea.htm
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | TENNESSEE
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Summertown, TN. Workshops on PV,<br />
| |
− | alternative fuels, green building & more.<br />
| |
− | The Farm • 931-964-4474 •<br />
| |
− | ecovillage@thefarm.org • www.thefarm.org
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | TEXAS
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | El Paso Solar Energy Assoc. Meets 1st<br />
| |
− | Thurs. each month. EPSEA • 915-772-7657 •<br />
| |
− | epsea@txses.org • www.epsea.org
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Houston RE Group, quarterly meetings.<br />
| |
− | HREG • hreg@txses.org •<br />
| |
− | | |
− | www.txses.org/hreg
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | WASHINGTON, D.C.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Oct. 12–20, ’07. Solar Decathlon. Twenty<br />
| |
− | teams compete on the National Mall<br />
| |
− | to design, build, and operate the most<br />
| |
− | | |
− | attractive & energy-efficient solar-powered<br />
| |
− | home. Info: www.solardecathlon.org
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Nov. 28–29, ’07. RE in America: Policies for<br />
| |
− | Phase II. Policy forum with U.S. legislators.<br />
| |
− | Info: American Council on RE (ACORE) •<br />
| |
− | | |
− | 202-429-2037 • conroy@acore.org •<br />
| |
− | www.acore.org
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | WASHINGTON STATE
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Guemes Island, WA. SEI 2007 workshops.<br />
| |
− | Oct. 6: Intro to RE; Oct. 8–13: Solar-<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Electric Design & Installation; Oct. 15–17:<br />
| |
− | Grid-Tied Solar Electricity; Oct. 19–20:<br />
| |
− | Successful Solar Businesses; Oct. 22–24:<br />
| |
− | Solar Hot Water; Nov. 5–10: Electric Vehicle<br />
| |
− | Conversion. Info: See SEI in Colorado<br />
| |
− | listing. Local coordinator: Ian Woofenden •<br />
| |
− | | |
− | 360-293-5863 •<br />
| |
− | ian.woofenden@homepower.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | WISCONSIN
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Oct. 1–3, ’07 (again Nov. 2–4, ’07). Amherst,<br />
| |
− | WI. Installing a Solar Water Heating System.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Hands-on workshop on solar thermal<br />
| |
− | closed-loop pressurized & drainback<br />
| |
− | systems for domestic hot water and space<br />
| |
− | heating. Info: Artha Sustainable Living<br />
| |
− | Center LLC • 715-824-3463 • chamomile@<br />
| |
− | arthaonline.com • www.arthaonline.com
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Custer, WI. MREA ’07 workshops: Basic,<br />
| |
− | Int. & Adv. RE; PV Site Auditor Certification<br />
| |
− | Test; Veg. Oil & Biodiesel; Solar Water &<br />
| |
− | Space Heating; Masonry Heaters; Wind Site<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Assessor Training & more. MREA •<br />
| |
− | 715-592-6595 • info@the-mrea.org •<br />
| |
− | www.the-mrea.org
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>INTERNATIONAL
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | AUSTRALIA
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Feb. 17–21, ’08. Adelaide, S. Australia. Intl.<br />
| |
− | Solar Cities Congress. Support cities in UN<br />
| |
− | energy & climate policies by stimulating<br />
| |
− | interest in RE & energy efficiencies. Info:<br />
| |
− | Plevin & Associates • 61-8-8379-8222 •<br />
| |
− | | |
− | events@plevin.com.au •<br />
| |
− | www.solarcitiescongress.com.au
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | COSTA RICA
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Jan. 21–27, ’08. Pursical County, C.R. RE for<br />
| |
− | the Developing World. Hands-on workshop.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Info: See SEI listing for WA State •<br />
| |
− | www.ranchomastatal.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Feb. 2–10, ’08. Palmital, C.R. Solar Electricity<br />
| |
− | for the Developing World. Hands-on<br />
| |
− | workshop. Info: See SEI listing for WA State •<br />
| |
− | www.durika.org
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ITALY
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Nov. 11–15, ’07. Rome. Wind Expo 2007.<br />
| |
− | International conf. for commercial wind<br />
| |
− | industry. Info: Artenergy •<br />
| |
− | info@windexpo.eu • www.windexpo.com
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NEW ZEALAND
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Jan. 26–27, ’08. Canterbury. Sustainability<br />
| |
− | Expo. PV, wind, Solar hot water, energy<br />
| |
− | efficient building design, housing &<br />
| |
− | transport, & other sustainable technologies.<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Info: Solar Electric Specialists Ltd. •<br />
| |
− | 027-457-6527 •<br />
| |
− | www.sustainabilityexpo.co.nz
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | WALES
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Aberystwyth. RE workshops. Oct. 19–21:<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Wind & Solar; Oct. 23–24: RE for Planners;<br />
| |
− | Oct. 26–28: Intro to RE. Info: Green Dragon<br />
| |
− | Energy • 49-0-30-486-249-98 •<br />
| |
− | info@greendragonenergy.co.uk •<br />
| |
− | www.greendragonenergy.co.uk
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <i>www</i>.<b>homepower</b>.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>133
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Send your renewable
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | energy event info to
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | happs@homepower.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>RE </b>happenings
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>PV GRID CONNECTED </b>|<b> PV OFF GRID </b>|<b> SOLAR THERMAL
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>SOLAR ELECTRONICS
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.stecasolar.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>PV OFF GRID
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Foto: junichiro aoyama, „energy ball“, CC-Lizenz (BY 2.0) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/de/deed.de
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Quelle: Bilddatenbank www.piqs.de
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solar Charge Controller
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Steca Solarix PRS
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | – Low-loss serial controller<br />
| |
− | – Battery charging with automatic<br />
| |
− | | |
− | charging mode selection<br />
| |
− | (float, boost, equal)<br />
| |
− | – User-friendly LED display<br />
| |
− | – Deep discharge protection<br />
| |
− | – 10 A ~ 30 A power input / output<br />
| |
− | – 12V / 24 V automatic switch<br />
| |
− | | |
− | – Electronic fuse integrated
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>NEW
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Temperature Differential<br />
| |
− | Controller
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Steca TR 0301U
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | – Easy to read lighted LCD display<br />
| |
− | – Displays system temperatures<br />
| |
− | at up to three locations<br />
| |
− | – Animated representation of<br />
| |
− | system operation<br />
| |
− | | |
− | – 3 sensor inputs / 1 fused<br />
| |
− | 120 VAC output<br />
| |
− | – Varistor high voltage spike<br />
| |
− | protection
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>SOLAR THERMAL
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Steca_Anz_HomePower_57x244_4c.in1 1
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 20.07.2007 11:44:31
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b> / october & november 2007
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>134
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>OtherPower
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Make your electricity from scratch!
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− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>www.otherpower.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Orders</b>: 970.484.7257<br />
| |
− | | |
− | 877.944.6247 (toll free)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Forcefield
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 2606 W Vine Dr<br />
| |
− | Fort Collins, CO 80521
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Product information:
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | info74@otherpower.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Magnets<br />
| |
− | • Magnet wire<br />
| |
− | • Templates<br />
| |
− | • Stators<br />
| |
− | | |
− | • Metal parts<br />
| |
− | • Frame kits<br />
| |
− | • SS Hardware<br />
| |
− | • Blades
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Build your own wind turbine with our kits, com-<br />
| |
− | ponents, parts, books and plans. You can make a<br />
| |
− | | |
− | sturdy, slow-spinning, quiet, heavy and extremely<br />
| |
− | reliable wind turbine in your home workshop for a<br />
| |
− | fraction of the cost of a commercial model.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Books<br />
| |
− | • Plans
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | • Free info!<br />
| |
− | • Fast service!<br />
| |
− | • Fun and free<br />
| |
− | wind power<br />
| |
− | forum here:
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>fieldlines.com
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>User Friendly Hydro Power
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Alternative Power & Machine
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>4040 Highland Ave. Unit #H • Grants Pass, OR 97526 • 541-476-8916<br />
| |
− | altpower@grantspass.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>www.apmhydro.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Now Featuring Permanent Magnet Alternators
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>(303) 952-0830
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Reduce winter heat loss and summer heat gain<br />
| |
− | Reflects 97% of radiant heat<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Save up to 55% on heating and a/c bills<br />
| |
− | Vapor barrier, unaffected by moisture<br />
| |
− | 14.5 R value, out-performs R30 fiberglass batt insulation
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Call or order online for discount pricing
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>www.barnworld.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | We ship direct to save you money!
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− |
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ELECTRO AUTOMOTIVE
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>Electric Car Conversions Since 1979
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>Books Videos Kits Components
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Catalog Send $6.00 for our catalog, or visit our web site.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | "Convert It" We wrote the book on electric car conversions - literally!<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Send $30.00 postage paid for this hands-on how-to conversion manual,
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | written in plain English for the home hobbyist mechanic.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Conversion Kits Complete custom bolt-in kits for the VW Rabbit<br />
| |
− | and Porsche 914, or a universal kit for other small cars and light trucks.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Web Site Visit our web site for our complete catalog, price list,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | gallery of conversions, and extensive conversion information section.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | P.O Box 1113-HP, Felton, CA 95018-1113
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 831-429-1989
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | WWW.ELECTROAUTO.COM
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ELECTRO@CRUZIO.COM
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www.</i><b>homepower</b><i>.com
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>135
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Wind Data Logger for wind<br />
| |
− | site assessment, turbine<br />
| |
− | | |
− | monitoring, and weather<br />
| |
− | station applications
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | High performance and very low<br />
| |
− | cost. Supports multiple anemo-<br />
| |
− | meters, wind vanes, temperature,<br />
| |
− | relative humidity, light level,<br />
| |
− | | |
− | voltage and current, and many<br />
| |
− | other sensors.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Logs directly to removable Secure<br />
| |
− | Digital card. PC and cell phone<br />
| |
− | interfaces available to capture live data and send to the internet or<br />
| |
− | through e-mail. Ready to go packages available — just give us a<br />
| |
− | | |
− | call or visit our website!
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>APRS World, LLC
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Phone: +1-507-454-2727 Web: www.winddatalogger.com<br />
| |
− | 902 East Second Street, Suite 320, Winona, MN 55987
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>BZ Products Model MPPT250
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>250 watt 25 amp Maximum Power Point Solar Control
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>• Boost charge current up to 30%<br />
| |
− | • Up to 25 amp output current<br />
| |
− | • Microprocessor control<br />
| |
− | • 95 % efficacy<br />
| |
− | | |
− | • 250 watt PV input<br />
| |
− | • 12 to 24 volt input<br />
| |
− | • Digital metering<br />
| |
− | • PWM float control<br />
| |
− | • Battery temperature sensor<br />
| |
− | standard<br />
| |
− | | |
− | • 15 amp low voltage<br />
| |
− | disconnect standard<br />
| |
− | • Aux battery trickle charger standard<br />
| |
− | • Five year warranty<br />
| |
− | • Made in U.S.A.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>BZ Products, Inc.
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>314-644-2490 • www.bzproducts.net • bzp@bzproducts.net
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>7914 Gravois, St. Louis, MO 63123, USA
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>www.acgreenenergy.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>High Quality - Reliable - Guaranteed
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | A&C GREEN ENERGY<br />
| |
− | PO BOX 941122<br />
| |
− | Plano, TX 75094-1122
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 866-WNDPWR-3
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>Premium<br />
| |
− | Do-It-Yourself<br />
| |
− | Materials
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Blades<br />
| |
− | Magnets<br />
| |
− | Magnet Wire<br />
| |
− | | |
− | Generators<br />
| |
− | Batteries<br />
| |
− | Plans<br />
| |
− | Mo
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>More...
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− | </b></p>
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− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Renewable Energy for Life
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | A&C<b>GREEN</b>ENERGY
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Save Over 90% On Your Lighting Bill<br />
| |
− | 60,000 Hour Bulb Life (est.)• 2-year Warranty • ULListed
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>LEDLIGHTBULBS<br />
| |
− | LEDLIGHTBULBS
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>• Ceiling or Garden<br />
| |
− | Accent Lighting<br />
| |
− | • 36 BrightWhiteLEDs<br />
| |
− | • 3 Watts / 120 Volt
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>•Ceilingor Garden<br />
| |
− | AccentLighting<br />
| |
− | •60 Bright White LEDs<br />
| |
− | •6 Watts / 120 Volt
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>CCVivid PAR 30<br />
| |
− | | |
− | LEDFloodlight
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>•Porch, Reading or<br />
| |
− | Ambient Light<br />
| |
− | •36 Bright White LEDs<br />
| |
− | •3 Watts / 12 or 120 Volt
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>CCVivid +<br />
| |
− | LED Light Bulb
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>CCVivid PAR 38<br />
| |
− | LED Spotlight
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>•Outdoor Sensor<br />
| |
− | | |
− | or Exterior Lighting<br />
| |
− | •72Bright WhiteLEDs<br />
| |
− | •8 Watts/ 12 or 120 Volt
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>These bulbs fit most standard fixtures.<br />
| |
− | Additional sizes and voltages available.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>800-522-8863•ccrane.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>CCVivid PAR 20<br />
| |
− | LED Flood & Spot
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b><tt>Ad.CraneHomePower0407 1/16/07 2:47 PM Page 1
| |
− | </tt></b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Gorilla
| |
− | | |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Gorilla
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>www.
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>www.GorillaVehicles<br />
| |
− | GorillaVehicles..com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | <b>com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | info@GorillaVehicles.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>PLEASE SEE OUR WEBSITE
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | or call for a brochure package
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Gorilla Vehicles
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>5842 McFadden Ave, Unit R
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Huntington Beach, CA 92649
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>(714) 377-7776
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Electric
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Electric
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>ATV
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>ATV -- Tractor<br />
| |
− | Tractor
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>NO Gas<br />
| |
− | | |
− | NO Oil<br />
| |
− | NO Smog<br />
| |
− | NO Smell<br />
| |
− | NO Noise<br />
| |
− | NO Warming<br />
| |
− | NO Carbon<br />
| |
− | | |
− | NO Wars
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solar Charging
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Solar Charging
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | I AM A SOLAR WHOLESALER looking
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | for retailers to carry my solar electronic,
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | educational & hobby goods. Phone # (916)
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 486-4373. Please leave message • HP12109
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | PORTABLE AND STANDBY GENERATORS
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | from Honda, Yamaha, Subaru, Kipor, and
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | More + Wireless Remote Start Available.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.hayesequipment.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1-800-375-7767 • HP12107
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NEMO DC SUBMERSIBLE WELL PUMPS.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Complete, ready to install. $229 includes
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | IMMEDIATE FREE SHIPPING. Visit
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.nemopumps.com or call
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1-877-684-7979 • HP12108
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | TELLURIDE COLORADO, Quality solar
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | homes and appropriate land for sale.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Highest quality of life, environment and
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | cultural opportunities. Enjoy working
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | with the world’s only completely solar
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | powered Real Estate office. JOHN JANUS
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | (970) 728-3205---800-571-6518
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | WWW.JANUSREALESTATE.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Email:John@JanusRealEstate.com •
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | HP12110
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | EDTA RESTORES SULFATED BATTERIES.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | EDTA tetra sodium salt, $16/lb. plus $6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | S&H for 1st lb. plus $2 S&H for each
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | additional lb. Trailhead Supply, 325 E.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1165 N., Orem, UT 84057, (801) 225 3931,
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | email: trailheadsupply@webtv.net, info
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | at: www.webspawner.com/users/edta •
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | HP12111
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | DC POWERED CEILING FANS: 12 & 24
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | volts: The Best in the World: RCH Fanworks
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | info@fanworks.com www.fanworks.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | PH: 509-685-0535 • HP12112
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | HYDROELECTRIC SYSTEMS: Pelton
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | and Crossflow turbines or complete
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | AC systems for standalone or grid
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | interconnect operation. Site evaluation
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | and equipment selection assistance.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Manufacturing home and commercial
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | size turbines since 1976. Free brochure:
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Canyon Industries, PO Box 36HP,
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Deming, WA 98244, 360-592-5552. Email:
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | info@canyonhydro.com Web page:
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | canyonhydro.com • HP12102
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | FOLLOW THE SUN! Light seeking single
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | and dual axis solar tracker controls.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.theanalogguy.com • HP12103
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ECOMALL: The largest environmental
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | portal of earth-friendly companies and
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | resources. Renewable energy companies,
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | news and information. www.ecomall.com.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | To advertise, call 845-679-2490 • HP12104
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | LARGE GAS REFRIGERATORS 12, 15 &
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 18 cubic foot propane refrigerators. 15
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | cubic foot freezers 800-898-0552 Ervin’s
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Cabinet Shop, 220 N County Rd. 425E.,
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Arcola, IL 61910 • HP12105
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | XXXXXXXUNI-SOLAR XXXXXXXX
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | XXXXXX 64 Watts $359 XXXXXXXX
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | M55 Siemens panels $225. Almost new
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 135 AH AGM 12-volt battery $175. TraceX
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SW5548 $2450. Ex 2KW inverter SB
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | $850. Buy, sell New/Used 760-949-0505 •
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | HP12106
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Help for DIY HYDRO! 66+ Custom
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | TURBINES, 82-400mm diameter, cast
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | aerospace alloy or molded plastic from
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | $120 www.h-hydro.com • HP12114
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | BE TRULY INDEPENDENT IN THE
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ALASKAN BUSH. For Sale - Modern
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | home with power system. For photos &
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | full details, see www.remoteproperties.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | com , click on “Western Alaska”, then
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | click on “Aniak” • HP12120
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SURVIVAL UNLIMITED.COM - Emergency
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Preparedness & Survival Supplies.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Wind Power from 439.00+. Many great
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | products & prices! 1-800-455-2201
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.survivalunlimited.com • HP12113
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | GAIN ENERGY INDEPENDENCE Wind
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Power - Solar PV - Solar Hot Water -
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Renewable Energy Workshops - Biodiesel
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | - LED Lighting - Edmonton AB Canada
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | 780 466-9034,
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.trimlinedesigncentre.com •
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | HP12115
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SOLAR CELLS New 5” monocrystal
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | 50 per pack - 125 watts $150.00 make
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | your own solar panels email for specs:
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | none1120@juno.com • HP12116
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | HYDROS, P.M. BRUSHLESS DC units with
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Harris housing and wheel. Up to 70%
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | efficiency. From $1350.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.homehydro.com 707-923-3507 CA •
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | HP12118
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SOLARVENTI: - THE SOLAR POWERED
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | HOME FRESH AIR SOLUTION. SolarVenti
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | is the ecological solution for household
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | problems of condensation, mold, mildew
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | and musty odors. Unlimited fresh air in
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | your home, Boat or RV, powered by the
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | sun! Contact www.solar-imports.com or
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | mail: Evert@solar-imports.com or call
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 949-715-7477 • HP12123
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>home power 121</b><i> / october & november 2007
| |
− | | |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>136
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>marketplace
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Complete Biodiesel Production System
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Process, Wash, Dry...80 Gallons of B100
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>The Ester Machine
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | - Make Fuel the Day It Arrives
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | - Safe, Durable, Effective
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | - Completely Assembled and Tested
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | - Handles New or Used Vegetable Oil
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | - Consultation Services Available
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | - Monthly Biodiesel Seminars!
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>Green World Biofuels 319-545-7022 www.greenworldbiofuels.com
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | SOLAR THERMAL BUSINESS FOR SALE
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Well established, good income, growth
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | potential, in a beautiful area in the Pacific
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Northwest. Will train the right person.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Contact: solar4sale@gmail.com • HP12121
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | BP4150,150 watt, solar modules 43.6
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Voc, 34.8 Vmp, 4.75 Isc (Amps), 4.33 Imp
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | (Amps) single crystalline, 67 units for sale.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Four years old 20 year factory warranty,
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | upgrading system. Ready for pick-up,
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Contact Greg @ 805-497-9808 Ventura,
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Calif. $ 3 per watt.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.solarelectricalsystems.com • HP12122
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | TESLA TURBINES Gas pressure input,
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | shaft HP output. What power do you
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | need? Designed to power solar thermal
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Rankin systems. Send $5 for photos,
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | tutorial and details. RD, 2909 Cadillac,
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | Durham NC 27704 • HP12127
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | BERGEY XL-I, NEW IN BOX, $1800 &
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | miniaturized, galvanized, Rohn style
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | tower, for 70’ to XL-1 hub…assembled,
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | but not erected in N. Michigan…also
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 15 KW diesel generator, 1.7 hrs.total,
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | $5000…1-231-548-5482 OR
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | lelco@racc2000.com • HP12125
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | BRECKENRIDGE COLORADO OFF-GRID
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | HOME FOR RENT Christmas/New Year
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | within National Forest 1.5 miles to town.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1 bedroom and loft. Best view in town.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | (970) 390-4477 • HP12128
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>www.</i><b>homepower</b><i>.com
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>marketplace
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>137
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | WINDMILL BLADES - 4’ Sitka spruce with
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | stainless leading edges, professionally
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | made for a home power system.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | $400+S&H. Send $5 for photos and
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | details. RD, 2909 Cadillac, Durham NC
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 27704 • HP12126
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | NO MORE UTILITY BILLS, EVER! 440
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | watts Solar/ wind System. Professionally
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | engineered System will power a large
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | home or Business. Top of the line
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | equipment in excellent condition and
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | ready to install. 40 UNI-SOLAR Solar
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Electric Modules and 3 AIR 403 Wind
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | Generators power this awesome
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | system. A Trace Engineering Custom
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Application Interface Controller provides
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | controls. Photos included for installation.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Replacement cost $72,000. Buy below
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | cost $37,095.01 Delivery available. Call for
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | complete inventory list. 615-599-5901 •
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | HP12124
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | BEAUTIFUL NW WOODS LIVING AT
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | ITS BEST. Twenty private acres, remote
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | off grid, 45 min to Olympia/Shelton/
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Aberdeen/Centralia. About 15 acres
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | wooded and 5 cleared. Land high and
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | dry with two creeks. Established fruit and
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | nut trees, garden space waiting to be
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | reclaimed. Abundant wildlife. $269,000.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | MLS# 27088229 Teri Bevelacqua, RE/MAX
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Four Seasons. 360-791-4704 • HP12129
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | DELUXE GAS REFRIGERATORS. Save
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | on large 15 & 18 cubic feet sizes. Also
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | freezers. We ship nationwide. Free
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | brochure. (888) 607-1110 • HP12119
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <i>Marketplace Advertising
| |
− | </i></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Rates: $2.50 per word. $50 minimum per<br />
| |
− | insertion, paid in advance of publication.<br />
| |
− | Submit your ad to marketplace@
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | homepower.com or call 800-707-6585.
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | WANT TO LIVE RENT-FREE? Property
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | owners need trustworthy people to live in
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | their empty homes as property caretakers
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | and housesitters! The Caretaker Gazette
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | contains these property caretaking/
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | housesitting openings in all 50 states
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | and foreign countries. Published since
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | 1983, subscribers receive 1,000+ property
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | caretaking opportunities each year,
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | worldwide. Some of these caretaking
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | and housesitting openings also offer
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | compensation in addition to the free
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | housing provided. Subscriptions: $29.95/
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | yr. The Caretaker Gazette, PO Box 4005-E,
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Bergheim, TX 78004. (830) 755-2300.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.caretaker.org • HP12117
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | OFF-GRID GOAT DAIRY seeks ranch
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | hand/caretaker. Will train in dairy
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | skills. Internships available. Beautiful
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | unique situation. Drug and Alcohol
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | free. Tobacco free a plus. 505 250 8553
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | organicgoatcheese@yahoo.com
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | www.organicgoatcheese.com Box 47
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Pie Town NM 87827 • HP12130
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | E LIGHT SAFETY RECALL! A possible
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | electrical component failure may cause
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | Risk of Fire. E Light is a white rectangular
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | LED fixture. For details: E-Light-Recall.
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | com; Hotline: 866-522-1368 • HP12131
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | •
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | H
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | A
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | N
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | D
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | | |
− | C
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
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− | R
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | A
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | FTEDSOAP
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | S
| |
− | | |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | &
| |
− | </p>
| |
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| |
− | BASIC
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | B
| |
− | </p>
| |
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− | O
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | D
| |
− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
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− | Y
| |
− | </p>
| |
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− | C
| |
− | </p>
| |
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− | A
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− | R
| |
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− | <p>
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− | E
| |
− | </p>
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− | R
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− | KING
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− | TOWARDASUSTAI
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− | </p>
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| |
− | NABLE FUTURE•
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− | | |
− | <p>
| |
− | • Simmons •
| |
− | </p>
| |
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| |
− | Natural Bodycare
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− | </p>
| |
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| |
− | simmonsnaturals�com
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− | MAKING<br />
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− | Off the grid since ����
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− | </p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>PLASTIC BATTERY BOXES
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>• HDPE WELDED-SEAM VENTED <br />
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− | | |
− | BOX WITH REMOVABLE LID
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− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
| |
− | <b>• SAFE & SECURE CONTAINMENT <br />
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− | FOR LEAD-ACID BATTERIES
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− | </b></p>
| |
− | <p>
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− | <b>• UPS SHIPPABLE, CUSTOM SIZES
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− | <p>
| |
− | <b>radiantsolartech.com<br />
| |
− | | |
− | 707-485-8359
| |
− | </b></p>
| |
− | </html>
| |
− | | |
− | |}
| |
− | | |
| {| class="collapsible collapsed" style="background:lightgrey;text-align:justify;width:100%;" | | {| class="collapsible collapsed" style="background:lightgrey;text-align:justify;width:100%;" |
| ! Breadcrumbs Smaller Article Copy/Paste: | | ! Breadcrumbs Smaller Article Copy/Paste: |
| |- | | |- |
| | | | | |
− | http://www.homepower.com/articles/plug-hybrids | + | Did find this: [http://74.6.116.71/search/srpcache?ei=UTF-8&p=ryan+fulcher+November+02%2C+2007+Yahoo!+Picks+Profiles+EAA-PHEV.&fr=ush-voices&u=http://cc.bingj.com/cache.aspx?q=ryan+fulcher+November+02%2c+2007+Yahoo!+Picks+Profiles+EAA-PHEV.&d=4538741990359518&mkt=en-US&setlang=en-US&w=4fJ2mYBAl20P-w9bHYSt4ny6vNaP3cI9&icp=1&.intl=us&sig=uSCUjYq.CV1quZSEBYdJGQ-- cached] but it may not be the article in question, looks like "Home Power Magazine Solar, Wind and Renewable Energy Issue 121" |
− | | |
| | | |
− | Did find this:
| + | See http://www.eaa-phev.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjf&oldid=6280 for the full source copy/edit |
− | [http://74.6.116.71/search/srpcache?ei=UTF-8&p=ryan+fulcher+November+02%2C+2007+Yahoo!+Picks+Profiles+EAA-PHEV.&fr=ush-voices&u=http://cc.bingj.com/cache.aspx?q=ryan+fulcher+November+02%2c+2007+Yahoo!+Picks+Profiles+EAA-PHEV.&d=4538741990359518&mkt=en-US&setlang=en-US&w=4fJ2mYBAl20P-w9bHYSt4ny6vNaP3cI9&icp=1&.intl=us&sig=uSCUjYq.CV1quZSEBYdJGQ-- cached] but it may not be the article in question, looks like "Home Power Magazine Solar, Wind and Renewable Energy Issue 121"
| |
| | | |
| ===Home Power Magazine Solar, Wind and Renewable Energy Issue 121=== | | ===Home Power Magazine Solar, Wind and Renewable Energy Issue 121=== |